Contrast and compare 'karnak cafe' and 'The day the leader was killed' Literature review - 1

Difference and think about 'karnak bistro' and 'The day the pioneer was killed' by Naghuib Mahfouz - Literature survey Example This is the uniqueness of the composing style of the creator. As the story creates, it gets piercing without losing its ground and reality. Mahfouz has made an exciting and delightful character in Qurunfula, the proprietress of Cafe. She is much the same as the desert springs in desert. The harsh creator turns into an altogether extraordinary man when he depicts her character. He turns a writer in venerating her characteristics of head and heart. How she endures the changes of life is splendidly explained by the creator. How wisely she confines from her heavenly past and keeps up her basic pride as a typical individual, is an exercise for womenfolk in any piece of the world. The hero, however entered the Cafe, by some coincidence, he was astonished to see Qurunfula there in her new job. He portrays his past relationship with her in a secretive style. Mahfouz (2008, p.4) composes, â€Å"We had never had any sort of relationship, regardless of whether of warmth, personal circumstance, or just courtesy.† How and to what degree she can hold her past excellence of the body and honorability of soul! Here is another marvelous portrayal of the Karnak Cafã © with the nearness of Qurunfula. Mahfouz (p.5) composes, â€Å"Here you get the opportunity to detect over a wide span of time, in a warm grasp, the sweet past and radiant present. To top everything, there is that allure that the obscure brings.† The creator has astutely broke down the contemporary ground real factors of the Egyptian government. In spite of the fact that the legislatures change, not a lot happens to improve the social and financial states of the average citizens. The creator addresses the issues, how mental detainment works in an apparently free society, how a climate of dread endures and how individuals are enslaved. No positive improvement supposedly breaks the deep rooted cultural customs, the opportunity of the people isn't ensured. It is an impossible to miss sort of

Term project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Term venture - Essay Example The client can control the speed of the transport line so as to comply with their alluring velocity of strolling or running. Nonetheless, with innovative turn of events, our Super-Treadmill has further developed capacities than the present treadmills in the market. Rather than having a treadmill as a gadget for practice in particular, the Super-Treadmill has expanded highlights and functionalities so as to improve its ease of use (Parley 15). The new item has a PC supported reenactment capacity, which enables the client to reproduced various scenes, condition, urban communities, mountains and sea shores among different spots. While the client is at home, the individual in question can utilize the item can stroll in any sea shore, city, climb a mountain or stroll in any road on the planet through a PC helped reproduction. The Super-Treadmill utilizes an electronic framework, which gives the utilization sees, sounds, temperature, lights and scents of their chose spots of doing exercise while they are at home. The fundamental goal of the Super-Treadmill is to give its clients an opportunity to have bold of wherever over the world. Aside from the additional mechanized electronic framework, the Super-Treadmill’s transport line can change posi tions so as to fit in with the steepness of the chose geography. So as to pull in numerous possibilities, the Super-Treadmill will be sold at a value that is 15 percent more than the cost of the ordinary treadmill (Parley 25). This will in any case draw in planned clients, considering the additional highlights it has. The pertinence of the Super-Treadmill in the contemporary treadmills commercial centers depends on the way that individuals spend a lot of monetary assets to truly visit their attractive spots during their excursions. The way that the Super-Treadmill will encourage indoor visits to different places over the shows its favorable circumstances as far as employments of money related assets and time

Air Transport Industry

Air transport is one of the fundamental pieces of the travel industry that has to a great extent contributed decidedly to the worldwide the travel industry. The headway in air transport industry combined with progress in correspondence and data innovation throughout the decades has seen the nature of the air travel improve in standard and decrease in the expense of air tickets consequently increment in rush hour gridlock of voyagers frequenting goals that were in any case considered out of reach or excessively costly. The extraordinary steps were taken in guaranteeing the wellbeing of air transport, decreasing the expense to make air makes a trip available to a greater crowd and expanded ports have seen the travel industry prosper colossally (Duval, 2013). Albeit different types of transport supplement air transport, specific visitor goals are entirely reliant on air transport. This clarifies how fundamental air transport is to the travel industry. This paper tries to address the connection between's the travel industry and transport industry and specifically air ship and dissect its scope of effect on the travel industry just as its financial effect. Air transport is an essential portion of the broad travel and the travel industry division. As per world measurements, around 75 percent of the world global visitors use air transport. In some vacationer goals, air transport is the main methods for transport (Duval, 2013). These expanding insights of more vacationers is because of law of better duties that are accommodating. Cost of air transport profoundly impacts the vacationer's decision of the goal just as other the travel industry items. In any case, the improved innovation by which bigger airplane have been built up that can convey countless travelers henceforth decreasing the expense of an individual ticket. Also, the capacity to cover significant distances inside a short course of events has made air transport stand apart as the perfect technique for transport favored by a greater level of traveler internationally. Availability of the visitor goal is one of the variables that impact the improvement of the travel industry in a specific spot. A locale may have tremendous scenes that would round up huge amounts of dollars earned from the travel industry, however on the off chance that it is blocked off, at that point it might never be of any assistance. Be that as it may, on account of the progression in air transport, puts that were recently viewed as difficult to reach are presently reachable. For example, the Kalahari Desert in Africa is currently a center of vacationer goal. Goes the world over are currently estimated seeing hours not as beforehand, which was in regards to long stretches of months. The productive system of air ventures to every part of the most helpful. This has seen a sharp increment in some traveler appearances in each and every piece of the world. For example, as per the Panama focal insights office, an analysist of vacationer appearance in 2007 was 79,223, which was an expansion from the 2006 figure, which was 769,897. This was a development pace of about 3.7 percent. This development was because of the expansion in some airplane just as plane seat limit. The monetary effects because of an expansion in traveler in-stream because of improved air transport are various. For example, government profits by the commitment to the administration incomes produced by charges forced the travel industry related organizations, for example, the inns, worker's duties, charge on products and ventures offered to the voyagers and flight charges. Aside from the administration, private financial specialists possessing the inns, little airplanes used to ship travelers locally benefits a great deal. There is likewise a scope of employments made straightforwardly from the travel industry, for example, drivers, cooks, cafés, trinket shops just as dance club works (Graham, 2013). There are likewise pilots who work the planes moving the visitors. The advantages gathered to expanded the travel industry exercises because of improved carrier transport are various. As per an examination led by the World Tourism Organization, the gauge of assessment commitment forced straightforwardly or in a roundabout way on movement and the travel industry; related exercises overall added up to US$ 850 billion of every 2001 a figure expected to significantly increase by 2020. The measurement demonstrates how an efficient and client agreeable arrangement of transport can be of significance most definitely. These assets are directed in various government undertakings, for example, foundation, which benefits the overall population consequently improving their state of living. Air transport has assisted the travel industry with spreading around the world. The monetary advantages picked up from improved air transport about the travel industry are many. The administration has profited by gaining charges that are utilized to subsidize maintainable improvement ventures, for example, streets development while numerous specialists and people have profited by the travel industry as either workers or proprietors of the offices utilized by the travel industry. Improving air transport considerably further will make it significantly further will make it much less expensive consequently increasingly reasonable to a greater populace, this will mean a distinct increment in the travel industry since there will be more vacationer who is capable and ready to visit numerous traveler goal destinations around the world and all the more frequently thus expanded income to the different identified with parts (Graham, 2013). Saddling this income appropriately can mean improving the gross household incomes of host nations around the globe consequently improving their economy (Buckley, 2012). Likewise, air transport will improve worldwide the travel industry by opening up remote places that were already less known to the world. This implies due to the simple of transport; more traveler will have the option to visit these goal thus by implication improving the financial sculptures of these remote spots. Most world visitor goals depend totally on air travel administrations for the transportation of vacationers. This implies air administrations are a vital segment in the accomplishment of worldwide the travel industry. The monetary effects coming about because of expanded the travel industry exercises because of air administrations advantage both the legislature and individual contained in the travel industry. Improved air administration is the main way that the main way that the worldwide the travel industry can flourish. This is as of now confirm by the development of airbuses and minimal effort transporters, which are very moderate empowering even a progressively critical number of travelers to visit various goals of their decision and all the more frequently. ReferencesBuckley, R. (2012). Economical the travel industry: Research and reality. Chronicles of Tourism Research, 39(2), 528-546.Duval, D. T. (2013). Basic issues in air transport and the travel industry. The travel industry Geographies, 15(3), 494-510.Graham, A. (2013). Overseeing Airports fourth release: A worldwide point of view. Routledge

Pierre Frankel in Moscow: Unfreezing Change Essay

The case depicts the problem of Pierre Frankel, a dedicated representative of H-IT which is a worldwide IT organization. He was sent to the Russian auxiliary of H-IT in Moscow, to improve the subsidiary’s execution and increment gainfulness. The condition that welcomed Pierre on arriving at the Moscow office isn't at all inviting: (I) Lebedev, who is the MD for the Russian auxiliary attempted to recruit a number two for himself yet his move was dismissed by the upper administration. He realized that Pierre was the substitution and thinks of him as a danger. (ii) The subsidiary’s 450 odd workforce considered Pierre as a pariah who is attempting to carry with him a ton of auxiliary changes and break the norm. (iii) Many rules were set up, to guarantee effective working of the association and were followed all inclusive. Be that as it may, they were barely ever executed here, in the Russian auxiliary. (iv) The air that had been a consequence of Lebedev’s micromanagement disheartened cooperation and articulation of new thoughts. Not a solitary document could move starting with one work area then onto the next without the information on the MD. (v) All this can likewise be viewed as a direct social ramifications of the breaking down of the Soviet Union in 1991, because of which, the â€Å"Trust, yet verify† philosophy had been ingrained into the Russian perspective. Basically, Frankel needed to go about as a change impetus and unfreeze the present situation at the Russian auxiliary. In the event that he can change business as usual, he will have the option to uncover the downsides of the present circumstance. This is important in such a case that the Russians were to improve their ways, it was essential for them to accept that change is required. Some valuable advances that he took to gain proficiency with the Russian ways were: (I) In the initial scarcely any weeks, he met all the relevent pioneers in the association including the line of business pioneers to become familiar with the subsidiary’s activities and laying the foundation for change. (ii) He attempted to get into the great books of Nadia Abramova, the head of HR and who was reputed to be near Lebedev. (iii) He attempted to distinguish individuals who were available to learn and ready to change. (iv) He attempted to employ a local Russian to help him with his motivation for change. He was restricted by Lebedev in this undertaking but Frankel figured out how to get a few resumes with the assistance of Nadia Abramova. Recommended Solution: The need regions recognized by Frankel were: expanding business consistency, improve deals effectiveness and spotlight on key inward procedures. To realize an adjustment in the association, he needed to change the manner in which the representatives thought and worked. He needed to make the workplace loaded with vitality, cooperation and trust for one another. To realize this, Frankel needed to change himself in light of the fact that the Russians were not going to shape their ways at the order of an untouchable. It was exactly how they had become socially. To do this, Frankel was right in hoping to recruit a Russian person who could assist him with interfacing with different workers better. He should then attempt to speak with Lebedev with an obvious motivation and get him ready. Lebedev’s change of standpoint is vital if profitability is to be expanded at H-IT’s Russian auxiliary, in any case, his administrations should be possible away with. Anyway extraordinary his associations might be and anyway acceptable his relational abilities might be, if his administration style is demonstrating inconvenient to the organization, he is nothing more than trouble.

Role of Music in Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone - 825 Words

The Role of Music in Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone Film (Research Paper Sample) Content: The Role of Music in Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone FilmNameInstitution The Role of Music in Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone FilmThe important role of music in films cannot be denied or underestimated. Its functions have a comprehensive application that can cut across the emotional aspects of the movie or enhance the storyline. It is probable that directors and producers always ensure that the intended music in a film is kept in mind when plans for the movie are underway. For the audiences side, the music tends to impact the perception of the film greatly in one way or another. Herein, consideration will be made in regards to the role of music in a single film and bring to attention just how important it can be in enhancing the movies theme. The music used always varies depending on the genre of the film and the scene involved. It tends to qualify the action portrayed, helping define the genre which in essence contributes to the emotional perception o f the film. Music at times takes the exciting role to the audience, sparking curiosity on the events that will unfold next. Play of music in the background tend to highlight whats happening in the film or even portray intentions. Music often tends to represent the emotion, and it is often easy for one to relate to movies through a particular song. The movie Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone interestingly depicts the role of music in a film. The 2001 British American film has its basis on the novel Harry Potter, written by J. K. Rowlings. The film score was done by John Towner Williams, an American composer, pianist, and conductor who has earned a reputation through his career in composing for other popular films. Most of the theme music in Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone tend to have established the magical world effectively. The music managed to be mystical for the most part, with emphasis on instruments such as the harp and celeste. The movie has its plot around intr oducing Harry, who is the main character into the magical world, which he seems to know nothing about even though he has some special powers. The music comes out as underscoring the amazement of the magical world since most of what the main character encounters is new and surprising. Hedwigs theme is the key song that can be associated with the film. This theme music is heard from the start of the film where an orphaned infant, is delivered to a doorway. Throughout the movie, all magical scenes are accompanied musically. The introduction of the song is done on a celeste synthesizer triggering a magical feeling with play blended with an ensemble of orchestral instruments that fit well with the magic in the movie. Even though Hedwig is an owl, the song represents the magical world and all the associated acts. Different sounds are portrayed as the theme song plays. Initially, it starts with a high pitched dynamic consonant which builds on as other rhythmic tones join in as more alterna te as they fade in the background. The song has a magical feeling with potential to build up enigma, marvel and wonderment while viewing. The song starts off softly and quietly which then turns into a quick gradual increase in loudness. Further, it crosses to a diminuendo state and then comes rising again. It goes on for a while before going down and turns silent. Through this style emulated in the tune, the feeling of mystery is promoted. The flexibility of music in the film is quite amazing as it does not represent any specific character or an object. The world of wizardry and magic is represented in every aspect. Music plays mostly in scenes that would cause amazement or wonder to Harry Potter. This therefore makes the music bear possible interpretation that the mystical world in the movie is unfolded to the viewers in the same way as they are seen in Potters eyes. The wonder like effect of the song is, therefore, justified and well accounted for. The sounds characterized by lig htness and insubstantiality of the ...

Five Career Options for Marketing Majors

HomeCareersFive Career Options for Marketing MajorsThis page may contain affiliate links.Oct 11, 2019Marketing is everywhere. Print, billboards, social media. Everywhere you look, someone is marketing to you. Maybe it’s made you think you want to get your degree in marketing because you’re a fan of those splashy advertisements and want to create them. Or maybe you want to work for one of the companies that does marketing research to target the consumers for those ads. Or maybe you’ve heard that a marketing degree is useful, but you’re not quite sure what your opportunities would be after you graduate. Whether you choose to concentrate in sports, internet, or business, majoring in marketing gives you an opportunity to learn the ins and outs of business, enhance your public speaking skills, and perfect your interpersonal skills. But once you start looking for a job, you might ask yourself: what exactly can you do with a marketing major? This article outlines the possible career paths and top jobs for someone who majors in marketing. Marketing Managers ($129,380 per year) Marketing managers estimate the demand for a company’s products and services, and research new potential markets. They also create marketing plans for new products and services and keep abreast of what competitors are doing. Since their work is directly tied to the company’s revenue, marketing managers often work with the company’s executives as well. This job is known for being relatively stressful and demanding, with sometimes unpredictable hours. While having a bachelor’s degree is essential, one usually becomes a manager after a few years of entry-level work. Public Relations Managers ($111,280 per year) If you’re an expert at crafting and controlling your personal brand, you might consider managing a company’s public relations. Public relations managers write press releases, help clients communicate with the public, and develop their client’s corporate image and identity. As a manager, your duties would also include supervising and overseeing other staff members. This job is known for its long, 40-plus hour work weeks. Usually a bachelor’s degree is sufficient, but some employers prefer a master’s degree. To take on this job, you must have several years of experience in public relations. If you want to get a leg up on the competition, you can work as a public relations intern during college. Market Research Analysts ($63,230 per year) If you love statistics and analyzing data, you might consider being a market research analyst. As an analyst, you should expect to monitor and forecast marketing and sales trends, measure the effectiveness of marketing campaigns and strategies, and well as gather and analyze data on consumers, competitors, and market conditions. This job is a perfect way to combine the hard, analytical skills and the soft, interpersonal skills that comprise the major. Many companies use market research, so you can choose to go into any industry that piques your interest. While most analysts are full-time workers during regular business hours, some face tight deadlines and schedules, which may require overtime. Marketing Coordinator ($60,273 per year) When assigned a group project, do you take the lead in assigning tasks and coordinating times for the group to meet? If so, you might want to become a marketing coordinator. Marketing coordinators handle the logistics of the marketing department, as well as the logistics of special promotions, product launches, and events for the company. This often includes managing the company’s social media. You’ll often find yourself coordinating logistics and communication across team lines, so be prepared to work with a lot of different people. This is usually the first step on the track to becoming a marketing manager. Insurance Sales Agents ($49,710 per year) Insurance agents sell people insurance so they’re protected in the event of an accident or emergency. While on the job, you should expect to call potential clients, explain the policies you’re selling, personalize insurance policies, and handle renewals. There are many potential avenues for this career. You can choose to specialize by coverage or sell a variety of policies. You can also choose between being a captive agent who sells policies for a single company, or an independent agent who sells policies for many different companies. You’ll probably work in an office, although there’s a chance you’ll travel to meet with clients. If this sounds like the ideal job, be sure to double down on the public speaking classes you take while in college. Being persuasive and taking initiative will help you as you progress on this path. Advertising Sales Agents ($49,680 per year) Like insurance sales agents, advertising sales agents are focused on selling something. This time, it’s advertising space. This is another job that requires strong interpersonal skills since you’ll be responsible for generating and maintaining client leads. You’ll also have to explain the different types of advertising products you’re selling in a clear and persuasive way. Also expect also to make presentations to potential new clients. If you thrive under pressure, this career path might be a match. You’ll usually have to fulfill monthly sales quotas and your income may be affected by how much you sell month to month. Most sales agents work a regular, full-time week, but some work on weekends and holidays. Now you know what career options you have if you major in marketing. Since it’s interdisciplinary by nature, there’s plenty of choices. And whether you choose the business side of marketing or a role that lets your interpersonal skills shine, a marketing degree is versatile enough to get your foot in the door almost anywhere. *All salaries taken from Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor,Occupational Outlook Handbook, Human Resources Specialists, on the Internet at https://www.bls.gov/ooh/(visitedMarch 15, 2019).

The Eye Motif In The Tell Tale Heart And The Raven By...

On January 19, 1809, Edgar Allan Poe was born in Boston, Massachusetts. In spite of experiencing several tragedies throughout his life, Poe had a successful career by writing short anecdotes. Most of Edgar Allan Poe’s stories have been known for having recurring literary devices such as motifs.The motifs of the eye and heart are found in the story The Tell Tale Heart and The Pit and the Pendulum. However, in the Tell Tale Heart and the Raven, the motif that is commonly used is the unnamed narrator. The reason for Poe using these motifs remains unknown at first glance but, once analyzing these motifs, one can identify their purpose. To begin, the eye motif is used in The Tell Tale Heart. The old man in the story, has cataract on his left†¦show more content†¦The plot of the story revolves around the motif of the eye and it also gives justification for the narrator to kill the old man. Similarly, in The Pit and the Pendulum, the eye motif is utilized as the driving force of the plot and affects the reader. The narrator of the story is captured by an inquisitorial group and is tortured. In the story, â€Å"I (the narrator) had scarcely stepped away from the bed of horror when the hellish machine stopped. I saw it being pulled up through the ceiling by some invisible force† (Poe 145). Once the narrator narrowly escapes from the brutal slaying, immediately, the pendulum stops moving. Starting and stopping the pendulum was done by inquisitors who serve as eyes for the cult leader. Again, the plot action of this story is dependent on the eye motif. When the narrator escapes from the binding, new problems arise for the narrator because the people who were watching him (the eyes) immediately executed their next backup plan. According to the text, after the pendulum stopped, â€Å"I (The narrator) shrank from the glowing metal to the center of the cell. I thought o f the fiery destruction that was near† (Poe 156). The narrator needs to escape from the constant back up methods of torture implemented by the tormentors. Back to back tortures caused by the inquisitors drive the story forward. In addition, this constant escape also affects the reader as well. The eye (inquisitors) is the reason for deployingShow MoreRelatedHumorous Humor Of Edgar Allan Poe s The Dark Hearted 1675 Words   |  7 PagesPoe: Lighthearted Humor in a Darkened Heart Edgar Allan Poe, the dark hearted author! When speaking of Poe, readers would most likely associate him as a dark and dreary author. His uses of vivid, shadowy imagery and themes of death and despair lurk within the minds of his audiences. Poe, however, subtly injects his works with humor that may not easily be spotted by the human eye. Why exactly would Poe inject humor into his horror stories, since they aren’t comedies? To begin, the use of humor inRead MoreGothic Literature : `` Tell Tale Heart `` And `` The Raven ``1698 Words   |  7 Pagesthrough Edgar allan Poe. Edgar Allan has a number of common Themes, motifs and structures that make his work easily recognizable and more importantly, fits his stories into the classification of the gothic. Among these elements, they include the theme of death and decay, which is almost always in Gothic fiction, the theme or presence of madness, insanity or other internal chaos, and haunted or creepy locations. Some stories by Poe that include these elements are, â€Å"Tell-Tale heart† and â€Å"The Raven†. EdgarRead MoreAnalysis of Poes Successes and Failures in Poetry and Fiction1745 Words   |  7 PagesAn Analysis of Poes Successes and Failures in Poetry and Fiction Edgar Allan Poes career may have been a failure considering what he set out to do, but he did achieve some success and notoriety in his own lifetime. His most successful poem was, of course, The Raven, a piece he composed to satisfy popular taste. But some of his short fiction was popular as well. As an editor and publisher, however, Poe did not quite achieve the greatness he sought. His legacy grew only after his death, thanksRead MoreThe Gothic Theme of Edgar Allen Poes Work1357 Words   |  6 PagesEdgar Allen Poe was an English short-story writer whose work reflects the traditional Gothic conventions of the time that subverted the ambivalence of the grotesque and arabesque. Through thematic conventions of the Gothic genre, literary devices and his own auteur, Edgar Allan Poe’s texts are considered sublime examples of Gothic fiction. The Gothic genre within Poe’s work such as The Tell-Tale Heart, The Black Cat, and The Raven, arouse the pervasive nature of the dark side of individualism andRead MoreFor the Love of God, Poe! Essay1359 Words   |  6 PagesIt is not at all surprising that so many of Edgar Allan Poe’s works explore such themes as death, eyes, the power of the dead over the power of the living, retribution, the human conscience, and especially death and murder. From his disturbingly morbid short story â€Å"The Telltale Heart† to the mysteriously supernatural poem â€Å"The Raven†, Poe’s tales are a direct byproduct of the mayhem experienced in his life, as well as his (arguably) psychologically-tormented mind. Though all of this author’s piecesRead More Juxtaposing the Most Similar Contradiction in Edgar Allan Poes Work2077 Words   |  9 PagesThroughout all of Edgar Allan Poes works are common ideas that oppose each such as madness versus sanity, reality versus the imagined reality and life versus death. Usually these sentiments are taken as contrasting ideas with little similarities to each other, like black and white. However, many of these motifs are situated in the grey category. Poe uses the communal thought pathway to highlight its antithesis; the pathway of grey. With the new pathway, he emphasizes the similarities of the opposingRead MoreSimilar Gothic Elements in the Work of Edgar Allan Poe and Nathaniel Hawthorne2436 Words   |  10 PagesElements in the Work of Edgar Allan Poe and Nathaniel Hawthorne Nathaniel Hawthorne and Edgar Allan Poe are considered masters of American gothic fiction. They used similar gothic elements in their writing and used it to build up a sense of impending doom. Even today numerous readers enjoy, study, and discuss the gothic elements both utilized in their work. Gothic writing is a style that is concerned with the dark side of society, an evil that lies within the self. Poe and Hawthorne contributedRead MoreThe Father Of The Detective Story1593 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"The Father of the Detective Story†: How Edgar Allan Poe Developed and Influenced the Detective Fiction Genre Edgar Allan Poe has become a household name in the literary world. His unique writing style has earned him much-deserved respect and recognition. Poe s poetry and short story oeuvre follows a consistent, melancholy theme of death and darkness that has captured and haunted readers for years (Baym, et al. 683). Perhaps his most legendary contribution to literature is his creation of theRead MoreEssay Biography of Edgar Allan Poe3244 Words   |  13 PagesBiography of Edgar Allan Poe Edgar Allan Poe is a man who is considered to be a true American genius of our time, and by many, the personification of death. His works have been collected and celebrated for over a hundred years from this day. He was a man who’s dreary horror tales captured and frightened the minds of millions. Poe differed from most other acclaimed writers though. The readers of his work do not admire him because they fall in love with his characters or because his writing touchesRead MoreAnalysis Of Poe s The Fall Of The House Of Usher 3197 Words   |  13 PagesDecember 10, 2014 Poe’s â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher† Edgar Allan Poe is an American poet from the early 1800s who has been regarded in many literary handbooks as â€Å"the architect of the modern short story† (Poetry Foundation). Since his death in 1849, Poe has become world renowned for his critical theories as well as his many haunting poems and short stories. But Poe s work hasn’t always been as popular as it is today. In 1827, Poe published his first collection of poetry, Tamerlane, and Other

The Role of the Economy in our Everyday Lives - 1135 Words

Individuals are always confronted with decisions. America is changing into being more materialistic and it is becoming a problem in schools. It may be a matter of constrained time. The economy is critical on the grounds that it widens our comprehension, which thusly enhances the expectations for everyday comforts. Matters of trade and profit are paramount to ordinary life on the grounds that it gives social order an adjusted and composed framework for cash administration and business cycles. What ties the individuals and their lives together is the manner by which they choose to settle on the decisions against the risk of lack. The economy is about why individuals settle on the decisions they do and what the suggestions or impacts of those†¦show more content†¦Matters in profit making is about flexibility, also: in the economy, individuals are allowed to do what they need, on the grounds that the business sector itself will choose what to process and how to handle. Joan Smit h once said from her story â€Å"Shop Happy,† that â€Å" Wanting to acquire the things that we see and like is as natural as breathing,† (Smith 490). Its a well-known fact that our economy isnt doing the best. Dominant parts of individuals have seen some swelling all over there and they have their methods for managing it. The part of the economy is to make formal connections around individuals as their day by day business of living. The economy is good to the connections that individuals have with one another in the public eye regularly. They are idealistic and are quick to connect with one another and strive to be imaginative and creative so as to enhance things. The economy is awful when individuals get critical and feel demotivated to invest exertion in light of the fact that they feel that there is risk out there or that there is grave unfairness in the public arena. The underlying inspiring energy of social order in this manner has a significant effect on whats to come for the economy. Instead of obtaining comfort from family, several Americans gain comfort from their things, and their things are what build them happy. Families now eat meals in separate rooms as a result of their additional committed theirShow MoreRelatedNasa Essay1161 Words   |  5 Pagesto the United States by supporting the national economy, making technological advances, and inspiring people around the world. Increasing the federal budget for NASA will subsequently increase their contribution to the country. On September 17th, 2007, NASA Administrator Michael Griffin delivered a lecture that addressed the critical role that space exploration plays in the global economy. During this lecture, Griffin stated that â€Å"the ‘space economy’ was estimated at about $180 billion in 2005, accordingRead MoreThe Family Of The American Family1179 Words   |  5 Pagesdue to its ability to adapt to changes in our society, economy, and cultures. Families are and have always been the foundation of our society. Today, many types of families exist, making family life and society more diverse. Family types such as blended families, single-parent families, adoptive families, step-families, gay families, lesbian families, and transgendered families exist today. Families are shaped as a result of culture shifts and the economy. The changes and issues associated withRead MoreThe events of the 1930’s, or the Great Depression, did the most to influence contemporary America.900 Words à ‚  |  4 Pagesthe most to influence contemporary America. During the twenties, America was at its most prosperous economic times until the stock market crashed in 1929. The stock market crash led to a dramatic decline of the U.S. economy. The decline in the economy changed Americans everyday lives. In 1932, Franklin D. Roosevelt was elected president and he created the New Deal to provide relief, recovery and reform. The Depression impacted America in the 1930’s in every aspect of life and still impacts AmericaRead MoreHow Does Energy Affect Our Safety Through Our National Security?1493 Words   |  6 Pagesenvironment, saving money or improving the economy; conserving energy has a lot more to it than many people will ever know. Everything we do requires energy. There is heat energy, light energy, mechanical energy, electrical energy, chemical energy, nuclear energy, and so on. The fact that I was most intrigued by is that energy plays a big part in our national security. M y big question is: How does energy affect our safety through our national security? As our Nation’s previous President, George W. 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Case Study “the Hollywood Film Industry and the Role of...

1. Characterise the advantages of independent film making. New faces have been introduced. Actors can step outside typical typecast roles. Based on one’s creativity. Low-budget film making. Allows the artist to circumvent excessive studio control on their projects Directors can craft their own unique vision. Writers can often see their scripted vision through the entire development process. Did not have permanent staff and would bring people together to make a film on short term contract basis. 2. Compare the industry network of Hollywood with that of the motor sport valley in the United Kingdom a) Industry network of Hollywood. A project-based enterprise. Has develops a wide range of skills and†¦show more content†¦To make a film, resources is required and a financial backer is involved (i.e. the producer) who is responsible for getting the film made. The artistic and creative input lies with the director and is separate from the financial responsibilities that lie with the producer. If it is the big budgeting films, many temporary crews may be needed. A film company employs all its workers just like other companies did. The producer and director use both their social networks and work networks to locate the necessary skills as well as appoint leading players responsible for appointing all the necessary crews required. Although these crews meant for temporary work only, their skills are most needed during the production stage of film shooting. The crews’ employment rise as the production begins. On the pre-production and post production stage, only several crews’ needed depending on their skills. At the end of making the film the organisation formed for this purposes ceases to exist, leaving no fixed assets and no structure for continued learning. 4. If the organisation is dissolved after completing the making of the film what happens to the skills and competencies learn and developed? Learning and sharing of knowledge is undertaken during these periods. Actors and actresses in demand, after completing a film shoot, they will moved to another film project a long time before the film is

The Moral Value Of Factory Farming Essay - 1899 Words

As the global population has reached over ten billion, there has been a growth in industrialization, a revolution in technology, and the evolvement of new concepts to create mass production. With this development comes positive and negative ideas on how to process the demand for different substances and how to be efficient economically and sufficiently. With factory farmed animals suffering unfair treatment, large quantities of animals are being abused and slaughtered. This can cause people to develop negative ideas about the industry. However, still, today, ninety-nine percent of the meat Americans consume come from large-scale factory farms with mass production and abusive practices. This is due to efficiency and allowing this industry to make more profit. With the meat industry continuing to grow and the process becoming more industrialized, many people have considered the moral value of factory farming and if it considered right or wrong. Many philosophers have discussed this mor al issue and have applied their ideas to different ethical theories. With the utilitarian ethical theory, different moral principles are examined to define factory farming as being right or wrong, as well as if the different consequences outweigh the mistreatment and abuse. By using the utilitarian point of view, reasoning is based on consequences and the absolute goal of happiness. In the perspective of a utilitarian, actions or policies are not good or bad in themselves because this theory isShow MoreRelatedAll Animals Are Equal By Peter Singer1487 Words   |  6 Pagesrights regarding animals, before finally exposing the immorality behind factory farming and animal cruelty. According to Singer, â€Å"the basic principle of equality†¦is equality of consideration; and equal consideration for different beings may lead to different treatment and different rights† (Singer 1974, 506). Based off proposed animals’ rights to equal consideration, Singer formats his main arguments against factory farming and the mistreatment of animals in general. These arguments stem from theRead MoreThe Humane Treatment of Animals vs. Factory Farms1407 Words   |  6 PagesDeanda Jones The Humane Treatment of Animals vs. Factory Farms The first questions we have to ask ourselves; do animals have rights, do they have feelings, do they feel pain, do they need as we do? To find the answer, one needs merely to think back on empirical data if one has ever owned or been around an animal, a dog or a cat, or horses or farm animals. Take for instance a mother cat. When a mother has kittens, she looks for a sheltered, warm, safe place to do so. When theyRead MoreNew Zealanders Should Never Dream Of Being Cruel1604 Words   |  7 Pagesbeings. Therefore they are capable of being aware of sensations and emotions of feeling pain and suffering. 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Jonathan Safran Foer in his book Eating Animals, illustrates the effects factory farming has had on animals meant for human consumption. Furthermore, Foer asks many questions to the reader on what will it take for us to change our ways before we say enough is enough. The questions individuals need to be asking themselves are:Read MoreThe Ethics Of Eating Meat Essay1504 Words   |  7 Pagesthem. This shift of moral degradation is evident in how we process and consume our meats. We have become a selfish society that values our own convenience and affordability of meat rather than the consideration of the animal. This begs the question, is eating meat inherently wrong and should we forbid meat consumption under any and all circumstances? To fully address this issue, we must first define the moral status of animals. So, are animals equal to humans in worth and value and should they receive

Gays In The Military A Matter Of free essay sample

National Insecurity Essay, Research Paper Very frequently political establishments reflect the will of society and set the case in point for norms that will be expected of its members. The United States Military is still implementing antediluvian policies which threaten to harm the rules our state was founded upon. The rules of freedom and equality are those that every American holds closest to their bosom, that is unless you are in the military and are gay. The issue of homosexuals in the armed forces has developed into a instance of whether our state should know apart against a group simply because of nonvoluntary sexual orientation. Two relentless rules are apparent within this subject: that homophiles are of all time present throughout all subdivisions of the military and a relentless ill will against this group is in American society and the military. In order to efficaciously analyze this subject the undermentioned constructs will be discussed: an analysis of the current Department Of Defense policy refering homosexual s, solutions to cut down homophobia in the armed forces, a policy theoretical account refering homophiles in the military ( Lepicer 1-14 ) . Prior to the reaching of the Clinton Administration with its docket to radically revise military policy sing the credence and intervention of homophiles, Department of Defense policy was good established and clear. Legal inquiries began to be raised in civilian tribunals disputing the military exclusion and discharge policies in the 1960 s and 1970 s. The services were forced to explicate and clearly warrant specific bounds and processs used in relation to service members claiming to be homosexual or convicted of such behaviour. During the Carter Administration a clear policy was signed into jurisprudence. It reads: Homosexuality is incompatible with military service. The presence in the military environment of individuals who engage in homosexual behavior or who, by their statements, show a leaning to prosecute in such behavior, earnestly impairs the achievement of the military mission. The presence of such members adversely affects the ability of the Military Services to keep subject, good order, and morale: to further common trust and assurance among service members ; to guarantee the unity of the system of rank and bid ; to ease assignment and world-wide deployment of service members who often must populate and work under close conditions affording minimum privateness ; to enroll and retain members of the Military Services: to keep the public acceptableness of military service ; and to forestall breaches of security ( Lepicer ) . Everyone agrees that homosexuals were already in the military, but homosexuals want to function their state out of the cupboard. This construct pitted the homosexual community against the diehards who want to maintain them out. The consequence is a compromising # 8220 ; Don t ask / Don t Tell # 8221 ; policy which prevents recruiters from asking about an enlistees sexual penchant. The intent of the armed forces is to kill people and complete the mission at manus. Therefore anything that hinders the military from carry throughing this function is a possible menace to national security and must be looked at in an nonsubjective mode. The military s attitude towards homophiles day of the months back to the Revolutionary War when General George Washington approved the discharge and tribunal Martial of an officer for attempted buggery. Every twelvemonth more than 800 service members are separated from the military based on sexual orientation. The Department Of Defense current policy is b oth prejudiced and uneffective. Homosexuals should hold the right to function their state every bit long as their occupation public presentation is non affected by their private life. Presently the armed forces does non actively seek out and prosecute heterosexual service members who engage in buggery but they will travel to great lenghts to look into mere claims of homosexual behavior. Often history repetitions itself and the integrating of African Americans into the armed forces was one which met great resistance but is now an recognized rule. We as a state can see the folly and downright bias that was involved in the resistance of integrating of minorities into our military, one which in 20 old ages we may compare with the current statements affecting homosexuals in the military ( Wornsop 195-212, Schlueter 393-432 ) . In his article, # 8220 ; Not Asking or Telling: No redress, # 8221 ; in the March 25, 1995, edition of the National Journal, David Morrison suggests that President Clinton s policy of # 8220 ; Don T ask, Don T Tell, Don t Pursue # 8221 ; has done little to stop the contention. The new policy is nil more than a reworded version of the old policy. The new policy forbids enquiries based on # 8220 ; rumour, intuition, or freakish claims sing a member s sexual orientation. # 8221 ; But in world this has non stopped some commanding officers. The Service Members Legal Defense Network cites these instances: a service member investigated after an anon. phone call, and another investigated because he had taken notes for a category on homosexualism. These instances show clearly how military leaders blatantly violate both current policy and single rights ( Morrison 748-749 ) . Defense Department functionaries say that the policy appears to be working because the figure of discharges is down. There appears to be a distinguishable struggle between the instances that are reported and the Pentagons statements that center around the premiss that there have been no misdemeanors of the policy. In her book, Homosexuals And The Right To Serve, Major Melissa Wells-Petry discusses the military s expostulations to raising the prohibition. One of the chief issues is that of gender segregation. The writer explains that gender segregation is based on two rules: # 8221 ; Peoples have a penchant for people of the opposite sex and they should be allowed to take to whom they expose an facet of their sexuality. # 8221 ; Raising the prohibition would expose the parody that their are no homophiles in the armed forces. The statement is frequently brought up that says the presence of homophiles detracts from the military mission is present in both written policy and existent be lief. In world anyone prosecuting in any sexual activity in the military environment threatens the mission of the armed forces. The differentiation of homosexual activity has no cogency or bearing on the truth of the affair. It is impossible to see how homophiles can take away from the care of good order wh en about 75 % of those already in the armed forces are neer discovered. If a individual causes a job with order, morale or subject they should be separated from service regardless of sexual orientation ( Wells, Davis 54-107 ) . The thought that homophiles pose a security hazard is clearly baseless since in a House Of Representatives Committee on National Security study proves homosexuals are less of a hazard. Of the 117 reported espionage instances between 1945 and 1991 merely 6 involved homophiles. The key to stoping favoritism based on sexual orientation in the armed forces is to convey an terminal to homophobia or antigay prejudice. In the book After The Ball: How America Will Conquer It s Fear A ; Hatred Of Gays In The 90 s, the writers explore the ways to assist America accept homophiles. The techniques proposed are desensitisation, jamming, and transition. Desensitization aims at trying to take down the degree of anti-gay rhetoric. If we can efficaciously incorporate homophiles in the military so the freshness of homophiles will diminsh and so will the associated bias. Jamming is an aggressive and active attack which uses a psychological procedure that uses two viing theories that are associated. One illustration of thronging the armed forces could utilize is sensitiveness developing which will both educate the nescient person and besides acquire the person to experience shame for holding such an unsupported bias for an laden group. The construct of of transition is really altering 1s positions and beliefs. This thought is most effectual when people are exposed to homophiles in their mundane lives. If the military continues to make conditions which discourage an person from openly declaring their homosexualism so bias will go on and the us vs. them outlook will boom. If person discovers a friend is homosexual but is still really much like themselves so the construct of homosexualism becomes irrelevant. When people have prejudice against a certain group they rationalize by stating how different they are from them. It is apparent that the issues involved with raising the prohibition on African Americans in the armed forces has some really distinguishable similarities with the iss ue of homophiles. Tim Mcfeeley, executive manager of the Human Rights Campaign Fund provinces, # 8220 ; Homosexuals are being persecuted in the armed forces for being different from the mainstream, merely as inkinesss were maltreated in the 1940 s and 50 s # 8221 ; ( Duke A1, House Of Representatives 95-21 ) . From the Revolutionary War to show twenty-four hours homophiles have served in the military with differentiation and pride. Yet although many have died in defence of the rules upon which our state was founded they are being denied the cardinal rights of autonomy and equality. Thousands of members of our military have been denied their right to function their state and a calling in the military basically because they are cheery. In the procedure of transfusing antediluvian rules upon the military our state has compromised its combat effectivity and undermined institutional unity. In his address denoting the # 8221 ; Don t ask Don T Tell, # 8221 ; policy President Clinton makes a really compelling statement against favoritism. Because the military # 8221 ; is an establishment that embodies the best in America and must reflect the society in which it operates, it is besides right for the military to do alterations when the clip for alteration is at manus. I strongly believe that the military, like our society, needs the endowments of every individual who wants to do a part # 8221 ; Certainly the clip for alteration is upon us. The military must halt discriminating based upon sexual orientation. If occupation public presentation is affected by any factor so the service member must be allowed to rectify the lacks or be separated. But if the footing for probe is mere intuition or beliefs that such behaviour may impact the organisation this is non a valid rule. The military must non let unlogical biass to drive forces policies. The turning figure of military organisations and para- military organisations that accept openly cheery persons proves the Pentagons frights are baseless. The Pentagon has stated that openly cheery service members threaten morale and contending effectivity. A General Accounting Office reappraisal found that out of 17 foreign military forces merely four explicitly ban homophiles from service. This shows America is in demand of a policy alter ation and it must be just and compendious ( House Of Representatives ) . Many veterans and soldiers feel that even if the prohibition were lifted it would non better conditions or increase credence degrees of homosexuals in the military. But raising the prohibition would alleviate the force per unit area on homosexual members which would interpret into an increased proficiency of occupation public presentation. Raising the prohibition would besides let jurisprudence enforcement and investigory bureaus to re-direct their resources toward condemnable misdemeanors instead than implementing ethical motives upon the minority. Research indicates that in foreign states that allow homophiles to function the figure of openly cheery persons is rather little. The bulk of the members were distinct and there were few jobs caused by the presence of homosexual members. Very frequently the forbiddance of a specific group causes members of society to keep irrational beliefs and so prosecute in violent activity against those categories of people they believe are a menace t o the groups unity. Heterosexuals are frequently more accepting of those with alternate life styles when this group is non banned by the prevailing authorization. Emphasis must be placed on behaviour, behavior and work public presentation. Military leading must reassure both the minority and the bulk by back uping everyone s right to take ( Lolorado C1 ) . Clearly the grounds supports the lifting of the cheery prohibition in full. The military s favoritism of single based on sexual orientation is non merely morally incorrect but collides with the rules our state was founded upon, equality and freedom. Our state has learned of import things from the integrating of African Americans into our military. The success of both our state and military depends upon the use of all of the resources that are available. America can non vie efficaciously if it relies upon outdated biass which are wholly without virtue. Sexual orientation is a personal private issue and non one which compromises national security. 370

Database Management System Relational Data Structures CQR

Question: Alan Counting, Edward Quals and Peter Rofit are in partnership in an accounting practice, CQR. The practice specialises in taxation, auditing and financial advice for small to medium sized clients. They started the practice in 2005 and it has grown to now employ 25 people. These employees include other accountants and office staff. Alan, Edward and Peter believe the practice is headed for a period of significant growth and have come to you to help them redevelop their Client Billing (CB) system so that it copes better with their workflows and supports future growth opportunities. At the moment, when a client turns up for a scheduled appointment or when an accountant visits a client, the client's information is referenced using the clients name. If it is the first contact between the practice and client, the client is asked to complete their details (i.e. name, address, contact name, contact number, ABN, TFN, structure, sector, service) on a client information form. Some of this information is optional based on the type of client and area they operate in. For example, some clients are simply salary and wage earners looking for assistance to complete tax returns and would not have an ABN, whilst others are companies requiring advice and assistance with the many different aspects of operating their business. Once the relevant information is obtained for a new client, a unique client number is allocated to the client. The client is the legal entity being dealt with by the practice and clients are created based on their business structure type. A client record can only have one structure type. Examples include sole trader, individual, private company, partnership and trust. If for example, two individuals operate a business as a private company, and they want their companys tax return completed as well as their own, a client record would be created for that private company and separate client records would be set up to deal with the affairs of each of the individuals. There are circumstances though where a legal entity sits within another but this is not obvious e.g. where the practice performs superannuation duties and compiles returns for a self-managed superannuation fund for an individual. In these circumstances, there are two client records - the individual and the superannuation fund. Sectors are the broad categories that allow grouping of clients for reporting purposes. Examples include retail, construction, financial services, hospitality and manufacturing. Occasionally new sector categories are created and the practice would like to record these with their code and description in a CRICOS Provider No. 00103D ITECH1006/5006 Database Management Systems - Assignment 1 Specification Sem3 2014 (201427) Vn. 2 Page 2 of 7 separate table. They would also like to be able to record that a client may operate in none, one or more sectors. Services are the broad categories that the practice offers. Examples include auditing, taxation, financial planning, corporate advice and superannuation administration. The practice would like to be able to record that a client must use at least one service but may use a number of services. The practice has a separate Human Resources (HR) system recording all employee details but for the purposes of billing, they record specific billing details about an employee within the CB system. This information is recorded based on the unique employee number assigned in the HR system. Within the CB system, all employees including Alan, Edward and Peter are given an employment domain, employee type, a charging/billing rate (see below) and an audit supervisor identifier. An employee may have multiple employment domains e.g. taxation, auditing, superannuation but only has one employee type e.g. accountant, administrator. The audit supervisor status refers to whether or not another employee is responsible for supervising and signing off on the audit of a client i.e. only the supervisor highest in the hierarchy is able to sign-off. Further details are recorded for each employee based on qualifications. An employee may have many qualifications and they may be specific to the particular employee type e.g. employees cannot have a public practice certificate unless they are an accountant. These qualifications should be chosen from a set rather than being separately keyed for each employee but they have had problems in their current system with ensuring the integrity of this data. All contact with the client - appointments at the client or at the practice's offices, letters, emails, phone calls to and from the client, auditing and stocktaking at the client - is billable to the client. All work conducted on behalf of the client - completing tax, superannuation or BAS returns, preparing Profit and Loss and Balance Sheet statements for the various legal entities used by a client/s, reviewing legislation or communicating with statutory authorities on behalf of the client - is also billable to the client. All staff bill/charge in spans of 15 minutes. That is, they record the amount of time they work on a particular client by entering a starting date and time for the work they do, as well as a category of work (these are from a reference set common to many accounting practices and occasionally have new references added) and must charge a minimum time of 15 minutes and charge in multiples of this amount. When they have finished their particular activity, they key in an ending time. They always end any opened charges on the same day. An employee can work for and bill against none, one or many clients. Two or more employees could work together on a job and in such a case separate billing records would be created for each employee. All employees as well as Alan, Edward and Peter have a charging rate which is the rate at which each individual is billed to the client. The charging rate is an hourly figure. The charging rates are reviewed yearly by Alan, Edward and Peter. Their review is based on consideration of: (a) the experience and salary of employees; (b) the overheads of the practice (some costs are not directly attributable to the client but are incurred as part of the running of the practice); and (c) their hoped for profit and distributions to themselves as partners. Alan, Edward and Peter generally follow a process of determining the hourly charge/bill rate per employee based on the employee's salary and then multiply by the same factor for all to arrive at thefinal charge rate for the employee. You are not expected to provide the algorithm for this process but as noted below they would like to record the rate and time period for which it applies. As well as charging employee time, the practice also on-charges for services or costs that are directly incurred on behalf of the client e.g. lodgement fees, penalties or fines. At the end of each month the practice runs its monthly account run. The outstanding balance from the previous month for a client is obtained (stored previously), any payments or credits received are itemised, any work or on-costs performed for the client are also itemised and an outstanding balance for the client is calculated (stored) and included on the account. In some cases, summaries of accounts are also produced and an amalgamated account sent to an individual responsible for payment of a number of different billing clients. All these processes are handled by a separate, existing Accounts Payable (AP) system. You do not need to do anything in this assignment with respect to the monthly account run and this description is provided as background. As part of their intended improvements, Alan, Edward and Peter would like their system to handle the following situations: (a) For new and existing clients, the sector they operate in is recorded literally against each client rather than allowing for predefined categories to be used and therefore allow multiple categories to be assigned to the client. Alan, Edward and Peter believe if they could correctly record these categories they could identify growth areas with individual clients and within sectors themselves; (b) Alan, Edward and Peter believe there is similar scope to offer add-on services to clients but the data recorded against the client is literal and does not align with the categorisation of services provided by the practice. Generally what is recorded is the 'service' the client originally contacted the practice to perform and because of this the practice may be unclear or missing out on offering other services the client would benefit from; (c) Up to now the practice has not been able to keep historical employee charging rates - when the new rates are keyed in, the historical records are lost - as that information is not kept to that detail in the AP system. Alan, Edward and Peter would like this to change so that it is possible to record the rate per employee against a time period for which the rate applies. They would like this functionality to be in the CB system; (d) The practice would like some idea of how clients 'fit together'. That is they would like to be able to understand how many clients they have that are related in some way but are separated by legal structures. This will assist them with understanding if they have missed out on any service opportunities with existing clients. For example they would like to be able to run a report that groups the three clients mentioned earlier the private company and the two individuals. In such a case the two individual client records would point/link to the private company client record and the private company client record would link to no others. In each client record therefore there should be a relationship link attribute that allows this linking. So now give those questions answers as according to all the current asspects: (1) E-R diagram: adherence to our standard, assumptions made, inclusion of correct primary and foreign keys, appropriate entities, relationships, and attributes. (2) Relational data structures: correct and meaningful translation of your E-R diagram. (3) Normalisation: appropriate interpretation of each normal form, arguments for leaving the schema in the normal form you consider optimal. (4) Conversion of E-R diagram to relational schema: schema is a correct translation of the E-R submitted with appropriate tables, columns, and primary keys Answer: (1) E-R diagram (2)Relational DataStructures (A) It contains the different structures provided by CQR to the clients CQRStructureTypes( Structure varchar(50), Description varchar(200) primaryKey(Structure) ); (B) It contains the different sectors provided by CQR to group the clents CQRSectorTypes( Sector varchar(50), Description varchar(200) primaryKey(Sector) ); (C) It contains the different services provided by CQR to the clients CQRServicesTypes( Service varchar(50), Description varchar(200) primaryKey(Service) ); (D) ParentClientID is just to have link for individuals who are part of any private client. CQRClientsInfo( ClientID varchar(10), Name varchar(20), Address varchar(100), ContactNumber varchar(20), ABN varchar(20), TFN varchar(20), Structure varchar(50), Sector varchar(50), Service varchar(50), ParentClientID varchar(10) primaryKey(ClientID, Sector, Service) foreignKey(Structure) referenced by CQRStructureTypes(Structure) foreignKey(Service) referenced by CQRStructureTypes(Service) foreignKey(Sector) referenced by CQRStructureTypes(Sector) ); (E) It contains information about different domains CQR supports CQREmploymentDomains( EmploymentDomain varchar(20), Description varchar(200) primaryKey(EmploymentDomain); ); (F) It contains information about different employee types CQR supports CQREmpTypes( EmpType varchar(20), Description varchar(200) primaryKey(EmpType); ); (G) It contains emploees information CQREmployeesInfo( EmpID varchar(10), EmploymentDomain varchar(20), EmpType varchar(10), BillingRate float, SupervisorID varchar(10) primaryKey(EmpID, EmploymentDomain); foreignKey(EmploymentDomain) references to CQREmploymentDomains(EmploymentDomain); foreignKey(EmpType) references to CQREmpTypes(EmpType); ); (H) It contins the employee hour rates history CQREmployeeHourRatesHostory( EmpID varchar(10), StartDate Date, EndDate Date, BillingRate float foreignKey(EmpID) references to CQREmployeesInfo(EmpID) ); (I) It contains the work categories those can be done to client CQRWorkCategories( WorkCategory varchar(20), Charge flaot primaryKey(WorkCategory) ); (J) It contians the Client billing information CQRClientBilling( ClientID varchar(10), EmpID varchar(10), WorkCategory varchar(20), StartTime Date, EndTime Date, Bill float primaryKey(ClientID, EmpID, WorkCategory) foreignKey(ClientID) references to CQRClientsInfo(ClientID) foreignKey(EmpID) references to CQREmployeesInfo(EmpID) ); (3)Normalisation of relations which identifies (A)Many clients can be mapped to same strucure type CQRClientsInfo ----many-one------ CQRStructureTypes (B) same clients can be mapped many sectors and many clients mapped to many secotrs CQRClientsInfo ----many-many------ CQRSecotrsTypes (C)Same clients can be mapped many services and many clients mapped to many services CQRClientsInfo ----many-many------ CQRServiceTypes (D) Same employees mapped to many domains and many employees mapped to many domains CQREmployeesInfo ----many-many------ CQREmploymentDomains (E)Many employees mapped to one employee type CQREmployeesInfo ----one-many------ CQREmpTypes (F) One client mapped to many works and many clients mapped one work. CQRClientBilling ----many-many------ CQRWorkCategories (G)CQRClientsInfo is not in 1NF as address field is not atomic CQRClientsInfo key (ClientID, Sector, Service), rest of the columns depending on ClientID which is part of the key. It is not in 2NF. CQREmployeesInfo key (EmpID, EmploymentDomain), rest of the columns depending on EmpID which is part of the key. It is not in 2NF. CQRClientBilling key (ClientID, EmpID, WorkCategory), rest of the columns depending on ClientID which is part of the key, it is not in 2NF. Rest all other relations maintained in 3NF. (4)Relational schema corrected to 3NF: CQRStructureTypes(Structure, Description, primaryKey(Structure)); CQRSectorTypes(Sector, Description, primaryKey(Sector)); CQRServicesTypes(Service, Description, primaryKey(Service)); CQRClientsInfo(ClientID, Name, StreetName, City, Country, ContactNumber, ABN, TFN, Structure, ParentClientID, primaryKey(ClientID), foreignKey(Structure) referenced by CQRStructureTypes(Structure)); CQRClientsSectors(ClientID, Sector, primaryKey(ClientID, Sector), foreignKey(Sector) referenced by CQRSectorsTypes(Sector)); CQRClientsServices(ClientID, Service, primaryKey(ClientID, Service), foreignKey(Service) referenced by CQRServicessTypes(Service)); CQREmployeeHourRatesHostory(EmpID, StartDate, EndDate, BillingRate, foreignKey(EmpID) references to CQREmployeesInfo(EmpID)); CQRWorkCategories(WorkCategory, Charge, primaryKey(WorkCategory)); CQRClientBilling(ClientID, StartTime, EndTime, primaryKey(ClientID)); CQRClientWorkCategories(ClientID, WorkCategory primaryKey(ClientID) foreignKey(WorkCategory) references to CQRWorkCategories(WorkCategory)); CQRClientEmployees(ClientID, EmpID primaryKey(ClientID) foreignKey(EmpID) references to CQREmployeesInfo(EmpID));

Research Paper for History of Bowling free essay sample

The original ninepins game became very popular. Because gambling during the game was prevalent in many areas, a law was enacted to prohibit ninepin bowling. A tenth pin was added to create the game of tenpins in order to get around the law. That happend probably between 1820 and 1830. Terms For Scoring Double: Two strikes in a row. Converted split: Knocking pins in a split formation down with the second ball. Frame: Box in which the score is registered on score sheet. Line: A complete game as recorded on the score sheet. Mark: Making either a strike or a spare. Miss: Pins remaining after two balls have been rolled, except in case of a split leave. Open Frame: Frame in which neither a strike nor a spare has been made. Spare: Knocking down all ten pins by rolling two balls. Strike: Knocking all ten pins down with the first ball. Turkey: Three strikes in succession. We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper for History of Bowling or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Terms For Handling the Ball Grip: Ability to move your fingers in and out of the ball easily and still have a firm hold on the ball. Span: The distance between the thumb and finger holes. Weight: Beginning girls between 10-14 lbs. nd boys between 12-16 lbs. The ability to roll the ball easily and accurately should be considered. Terms For Delivery of Ball Approach: Area on which the bowler takes steps to the foul line and makes his delivery. Backup: Ball that fades to the right as it nears the pins (right-handed player). Brooklyn: A hit to the left of the headpin. Cross Alley: Aiming and rolling the ball directly at the pocket from the right-hand corner or left-hand corner on the leave. Curve: Ball that approaches the pins in a greater arc, usually slower, than a hook ball. Foul Line: Black line which separates the runway and the lane and designates the limit of the bowlers approach. Foul: Act at the foul line not in conformity with the rules. Headpin: Number 1 pin. High: Ball hits full on the head pin. Hook: Ball breaks sharply to the left as it approaches the pins. Leave: Any pins left standing after the first ball has been rolled. Light: Not hitting the pin full enough. Lofting: Throwing the ball too far out on lane due to release from an upright position. Pocket: Space between the one and three or one and two pins.

Essay Sample For College Admission

Essay Sample For College AdmissionAn essay sample for college admission is a valuable tool for students planning on applying to a college. This information can be obtained from various sources, but some are more important than others. Most of the information available on this topic is scattered in a variety of different places, and most of it is generic.The first thing to be aware of is that essay samples for college admissions is not an area where you can get lazy. If you write poorly, it will show in your application. College essay samples are meant to be used as a guide for writing, so the least you can do is follow the instructions carefully. Writing well requires the application writer to have some education in composition and grammar.Furthermore, if you have any questions about these essay samples for college admission, you should talk to someone who has used one before. You should get help from somebody you trust, because it is easy to make mistakes when you are a beginner. No matter how badly you wish you could simply read the examples over, you should be able to learn from your mistakes.Another way to make sure you understand what you are looking at when searching for essays samples for college admission is to find a community college, high school, or junior college. They will give you a better sense of what they expect from the essay. Of course, if you are attending college for the first time, you should have someone who knows what you want to write when you first begin writing. Often, you can be a little more flexible with this type of guidance.Regardless of where you go, remember that essays for college are very difficult subjects. There are many different tips and techniques for writing them, and they will all vary according to the college, which means you should be able to find what you need.When you look for an essay sample for college admission, try to find a college that is in your own state. It will help to narrow down your search to specific subjects, such as humanities or social sciences. You should also remember that your school may also have a specific requirement, so look up what the requirements are before you start writing.Once you are confident that you are going to find an essay sample for college admission that is right for you, try to look at several different samples. This is easier than you think. You can look up many different colleges' requirements online. Make sure that you also consider the free samples that are available, as well as the ones that charge a fee.Keep in mind that there are many ways to find these samples, so you may have to search a lot before you find the one that works best for you. Some sites may only offer the free sample for you to check out, and some can even provide a link to the fee-based one. Sometimes, you may even find an essay sample for college admission that is a booklet containing many different samples. These can be a good source for building your confidence in the subject.

The History of Riverview essays

The History of Riverview essays Riverview Park was an amusement park that ran from 1904 to1967. It was Chicagos first amusement park. It was billed as the worlds largest Amusement Park throughout its 64-year popularity. To many it was a rite of passage and their earliest child hood memories. It was a place of fabulous family outings, a magical kingdom where good friends could go for a terrific time, and eventually a romantic spot. Riverview was located on Western and Belmont Avenues in Chicago. It was surrounded by the Chicago River and Lane Tech High School. The Der Nord Chicago Schuetzenverien, a spin-off group of the Kriegs Verein of Chicago, purchased the land bounded by the Chicago River and the above avenues in order to use it as a shooting range. They later changed their name to the North Chicago Sharpshooters Association. The 22-acre park was dubbed Schuetzen Park by the Germans, and Sharpshooters Park by the locals, who began asking the private association if their grounds could be rented for picnics . Around the turn of the century, the Sharpshooters Association dissolved and two members purchased the land. The two members were Wilhelm (William) A. Schmidt, a baker, and his partner George Goldman. Wihelm Schmidt put in swings and some rides for the ladies and children and Riverview was born. After it had opened Wihelms son George began to expand the park with ideas he had picked up in Europe from such parks as Tivoli Gardens. He suggested that they add rides to grounds and with the help of a financial backer Riverview became a full-blown amusement park in 1904. With the opening of the new Riverview Amusement park came three substantial rides. The three great rides were the Strat-O-Stat plane, the Carousel, and The Chutes. The first ride, the Start-O-Stat was also known as the Aero-O-Stat Plane. It was a plane that circled around the center tower and began to pick up speed and height as the rid...

Application of 2D gas chromatography for environmental analysis

All these benefits make GC?GC in the toxic compounds involved in the determination of trace level environmental analysis of a very good tool in complex matrices. This paper summarizes some of the environmental analysis and review and monitoring of the GC?GC applications Introduction Many years of humans society development led to many of the world distribution of chemicals in the atmosphere, the Earth’s surface and land border. Many of these compounds are harmful to the world’s ecosystems and the people. Analysis of these compounds in the environment is important. When analytes have high vapor pressure, gas chromatography is the selection method. The main problem in the environmental analysis is to analyze the existence of material is usually very complex matrix trace. Result, a huge research work into the analysis of major environmental pollutants [1]. Methods used in environmental analysis is usually the same as in all aspects of practice. It includes sampling, sample preparation, separation and detection. All of these steps may benefit from change, it is usually the biggest limitations imposed by the separation step. In gas chromatography (GC) cases, the majority of environmental samples containing analyte and matrix components of many closely eluting peaks in a chromatographic dimension (1D) the maximum total capacity is greatly exceeded, and many coelutions and unresolved in the separation region was observed. This led to the analyte of interest and quantify the poor separation [1]. Poor resolution in the chromatographic analysis of sample preparation and detection of high demand for equipment placement. Expensive and labor-intensive sample preparation, and solvent waste may cause a lot of harmful to the environment. By microextraction method development, such as liquid-liquid microextraction (LLME) and solid phase microextraction (SPME) and non-dissolved sample introduction system (ie, direct thermal desorption), has the potential to greatly simplify the sample preparation process, without sacrificing sensitivity and selectivity [2-5]. On investigation, lack of resolution often means using mass spectrometry (MS), including high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), in some cases, is necessary. Figure 1 illustrates the GC-MS encountered in the common problems [36]. In the analysis of food extracts commonly 1D-GC clinch with insecticides (Fig. 1b), trace interest (in this case chlorfenvinphos) coelute analyte and sample matrix is more abundant components. Results obtained for such compounds, mass spectrometry (Figure 1e) frequently contains compounds derived from fragments of interference, leading to poor matching and library mass spectrometry (Fig. 1d). MS overlap algorithm may greatly improve the quality of the information of coeluting peak, but they are not always successful, when the number of coelutions is high. Figure 1a shows, full 2D-GC (GC?GC) to increase space and improve the chromatographic separation of the resolution, resulting in the separation of analytes of interest (chlorfenvinphos) from coeluting compounds and matrix components. Result, improved the quality of the analyte mass (Fig. 1c), taking into account the proof of a more confident analysis of material (Figure 1d). It is possible that some coelutions exist; these may often solve efficiently overlap with the MS, leading to better results, while reducing the number of components when the coeluting. GC?GC separation with the increased power resulting in a successful demo nstration and quantification of analytes. Fig. 1 GC?GC–TOF MS versus 1D-GC–TOF MS for the analysis of a carrot extract. The highest-capacity problem in terms of conventional gas chromatography through multi-dimensional gas chromatography to cope (MDGC) implementation. In this method, one-dimensional (1D) chromatogram of a complex and unresolved part is subjected to the stationary phase coated with a second column separation of the other selectivity [1]. Although this method increases the 1D chromatographic part of the choice of chromatographic resolutions, this method with automation challenging, and only a few sample components can be adequately addressed. However, the many applications is good for the PCBs, pesticides and toxaphene analysis, among other things, the report with different degrees of success [6-12]. Overall, however, is the exact number of separation will be beneficial, if the entire sample is subjected to a separation in two dimensions. This became possible a comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC?GC) in the introduction. Principle for Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography (GC?GC) 2D-GC is a comprehensive method of fundamental solution to meet the highest capacity. A typical structure of GC?GC set in Figure 2. The basic structure of GC?GC using virtually is the same as the composition of 1D-GC. These include syringes, oven, columns and detectors. In a typical GC?GC system, using non-polar stationary phase coated with a thick coating of a long column was installed as the main column. The exports through a special interface or modem is connected to the entrance of the second dimension column coated with stationary phase of another selectivity. Modulator connected not only to primary and secondary column; its main role is repeated trapping of the effluent fractions from the first dimension and periodic injection of them to the form of narrow pulses separated into further chromatographic analysis. Because the operation of 2D-GC in the fast condition, the detector in the GC?GC selection is limited to those capable of fast data collection rate. For example, GC?GC de tector can include flame ionization detector (FID), electron capture detector (ECD), single atomic emission detector (AED), sulfur compounds optical detector (SCD), nitrogen photodetector compounds (NCD) and time of flight mass spectrometer (TOF MS). Fig. 2 A block diagram of a GC?GC system. Modulator is the important part of the instrument, because it guarantees the separation is comprehensive and multidimensional [13]. In 1991, the first implementation of the GC?GC, the field has witnessed a number of modulator design [14]. Initially, the use of thermal adjustment of the heat modulator was implemented; however, the modular cryogenic liquid (liquid carbon dioxide or nitrogen) is currently the main use. Modulator at low temperatures within the system, each design has its own distinct advantages and limitations, making it suitable for analysis of the specific type. For example, the analysis of water pollutants has been developed an interface [19], when the buildings, and an in-house applications modulator in the quantitative analysis of PAHs and PCBs has been described [15]. Then, the modulator of the different types of analyte in the analysis of organohalogenated been evaluated [16]. The implementation of GC?GC provides the following advantage to surpass the 1D separation method: improvement separation strength; improved sensitivities; and constructs or highly predetermined, stratography spectrum. In the environment analysis, GC?GC has the potential to improve the toxic compound through the separation from the coeluting analysis and the matrix component, increases the detection limit such chemical product and provides the ideal for the surveillance application the two-dimensional stratography spectrum which constructs. Finally, this possibly causes to reduce to the smallest sample preparation procedure, and reduces analysis time. Other applications are also possible. For example, recently, GC?GC the product estimate which divided into for the diesel oil hydrocarbon environment had used, was important affected many ecosystems [17] the oil leak. Application of GC?GC in Environmental Analysis Water and Sediment Analysis The water is the most basic material to the life in planet. In order to estimate that the tap water safety for human consumption, the rapid, precise and the accurate method needs to analysis the water. The sediment is also important for river and the lake; The analysis of water pollutant is time-consuming sample preparation, follows by GC-MS analyzes. In the initial period realized that GC?GC has the great potential improvement to analysis water and sediment. In its earliest applications in this region, GC?GC was explained possibly from the common matrix interference which is separating the BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene and xylene) and methyl alcohol tert butyl ether (MTBE), when and SPME [18]. The separation strength of GC?GC is improved; MTBE and the benzene are the foundation line solution in the 2nd chromatograph analysis space. This research showed GC?GC has the great potential for water pollutant analysis by combination this technology with microextraction (head space SPME). Certain Earth’s freshwater body is polluted daily by petroleum and the oil contamination. In the 1970s, it is pays attention the petroleum sample stratography spectrum to exhibit a model, has not solved, foundation line which rises â€Å"hillock† [20]. Chromatogram is the complex part, including compound many different kinds, refers to â€Å"unsolution complex mixture† at present [21]. GC?GC-FID uses in analysis of two different freshwater sediments [21]. Observed the conventional sample preparation procedure, the author has used the superior resolution, and has constructed the chromatogram of sediment for UCM different levele by GC?GC. The chromatogram obtained for two samples provides by clue direction contamination important source researcher. , The research showed GC?GC the potential importantly in the environment law, for an environmental chemistry basic tool, environmental audit. The nonylphenol polyethylene ethoxides’ degenerated product, was possible feminine hormone splitter [22]. Increases the concern, NPs from the urban district [23] the water and the deposition present are found. GC?GC-TOF MS is the NP isomer separation from technical mixture [24] used. 41 components are identified. Figure 3 explanation GC?GC-TOF MS application to NP isomer respective ion trace analysis from identical research. Two NP stave products were explained that m/z 135 (chart 3a) and m/z 149 (chart 3b). Two chromatogram exhibition group type separation, emphasizes by the connection compound peak maximum value in the identical homologous family incline line. It from as a result of various NP isomer structure similarity, the complete separation is the very difficult this chart is obvious. However, other resolution strength by GC?GC provided â€Å"cleanly† the mass spectrum to provide, made the analysis proof to be easier. Fig. 3. Extracted ion GC?GC–TOF MS chromatograms of a technical nonylphenyl (NP) mixture GC?GC for to the environment pollutant’s analysis was recently the application current in oceanic deposit [25]. A qualitative method has developed, fast and is unified according to the tendency by the ultrasonic wave assistance’s extraction to the complex sample’s high resolution analysis provides to GC?GC-TOF UAE which is fast and high efficiency selective sampling pretreatment procedure is utilized solid sample [30]. A high efficiency and has the selective sample preparation method, when the powerful separation method GC?GC combine with UAE can causes 1500 kind of more than several not aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) the compound and the certificate resolution, NPs and dialkylated benzene. Once more, GC?GC not only ability from each other isolation analysis, and has proven from the sample matrix priceless. The carcinogen which and the mutagen suspected, PAHs is many industry activity by-product and the universal existence is distributed in the environment. Because it requests the hard sledding and has the selective sample preparation, they in the deposition sample’s trace determination are difficult. The improvement to complex matrix’s PAHs, the Cavagnino trace analysis with GC?GC-FID [large-volume splitless injection (LVSI) technology]. Sample complex which analyzes is many deposition sample representative who obtains from the river and the lake. Separated and investigates seven PAHs which diluted in the synthesis diesel oil to demonstrate the LVSI- GC?GC-FID potential achievement in the low ppb level for to trace amount analysis one powerful and the rapid tool in complex matrix PAHs. While, Ong. and so on has developed a PAHs rapid surveillance method probably in the soil sample, utilizes liquid extraction (PLE) – GC?GC-FID [27]. The current publishing work is merely GC?GC latent serviceable demonstration to deposition sample PAH analysis. In brief, with the resolution which improves, improvement many sensitivities and the stratography spectrum which orders, GC?GC may add on the result which effective and the rapid sample preparation method produces cannot be achieved by the routine analysis procedure. Analysis of PCBs, PCDDs and PCDFs Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and some polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners is dominated by bioaccumulation and biomagnification in the environment and thus is a dangerous The wildlife and people. Many are suspected carcinogens and induced changes of [28]. Of PCBs, dioxins and furans in the environment assessment of certain requirements of a method to isolate and quantify them in complex samples such as food, soil and water. GC?GC provides one advantageous method in complex matrix’s PCDDs and the PCDFs analysis. In its one of early experiments, a liquid crystal main column and a limitless secondary column (according to steam pressure separation) uses in (according to the planarity separation) separates the tone – and from technical mixture [30] non-straight PCB congeners. The connection GC?GC microelectron captures investigates (MECD) is toxic PCBs, PCDDs and the PCDFs determination is the application in the cod liver sample [29]. The analysis result showed all 12 priority PCB from liver sample congeners, and most toxic Dai Aoxin and fu nan the full separation and the proof nail fast with 90 PCBs and 17 contain poison PCDDs and PCDFs. Moreover, when compares with the standard sample preparation procedure, the liver sample pretreatment does not have the selectivity and reduces to is smallest. It has included the direct injection and fractionation followed cell degree of illness gradually dra ws back, the centrifuge process to enter GC?GC the system. Figure 4 showing from the 2nd stratography spectrum which obtains to the cod liver sample’s analysis. Recently, an item of multilaboratory research has been conducted in food sample, analyzes PCDD/Fs and World Health Organization PCBs through once more GC?GC-MECD and the GC-HRMS comparison and the explanation GC?GC great potential in the rapid surveillance application [31]. With the standard analysis method comparison GC?GC, GC?GC the performance is unified (GC?GC-ID-TOF MS) has to 13C mark isotopic dilution (ID) TOF MS conventional GC-HRMS to appraise [32]. Quantification 17 PCDD/Fs and four PCBs nail fast in the soil and in the deposition sample are two methods are comparable. However, GC?GC implementation request only smallest sample preparation, and causes the signal improvement (factor 5-10), superior resolution, lower instrumentation expense, and improved TOF the MS data [32] the ghost overlaps legitimately. As highest capacity which and resolution result increases, the unknown compound’s proof is possible. Fig. 4 GC?GC–ECD chromatogram of a cod liver sample spiked with 90 PCBs [29]. Pesticide Analysis Forms the challenge to the pesticide analysis to analyze the chemist to prepare about the sample to make the law and the chromatography. Is similar other toxic compound, the pesticide is usually distributed in the trace amount environment. Moreover, they are extreme complex matrix part of for example foods, the soil and the water sample. Needs to be like today presses to the rapid high resolution analysis method. GC?GC the application early showed the method potential regular implementation to the pesticide analysis in person’s organization in the future. Supercritical invariable extraction (SFE) with GC?GC-FID together utilizes the analysis in person’s blood serum [33] the pesticide. To were few from the sharp person’s blood serum extraction’s 15 pesticide’s foundation line segments achieve in four minutes. Later, GC?GC-FID to estimate that the child pesticide exposure has been utilized through the use urine and the blood serum [34] low-power. This special example in were few showed 16 pesticide complete separations in four minutes. Recently, has been demonstrated including PCBs and the organic chlorine pesticide 59 organization pollutant’s proof and the quantification [35]. But GC?GC-ID-TOF MS completed the comparable result author who ran in standard routine analysis (GC-ID-TOFMS) to indicate that analyzed like this, three different injection needs . GC?GC the application early showed the method potential regular implementation to the pesticide analysis in person’s organization in the future. Supercritical invariable extraction (SFE) with GC?GC-FID together utilizes the analysis in person’s blood serum [33]. Pesticide determination in food extract is similarly important. Separated using GC?GC-TOF MS and identifies 58 pesticides to nail fast completely on the vegetable was explained [36]. This completed with has been smallest and the non-selective sample preparation: The celery or the carrot sample and the sodium acetate and the ethyl acetate have chopped, mixed, was mixed, has been separated, and is dried. The extract is injected entered GC?GC [36]. Recently, separated 12 halogenate compound kind of groups five different GC?GC column combination to appraise, including PCBs, PCDDs, PCDFs, multi-chlorobenzene diphenyl ester (PCDEs), multi-chlorobenzene naphthalene (PCNs), multi-chlorobenzene dibenzothiophenes (PCDTs), multi-chlorobenzene terphenyl (PCTs), multi-chlorobenzene alkane (PCAs), toxaphene, multi-bromination biphenyl (PBBs), multi-bromination diphenyl ether (PBDEs) and organic chlorine pesticide (OCPs) [37]. Although this article focal point is the different compound kind of major group separates, was also explained in the family separation. When the separation and proof all 28 OCPs are pure pesticide mixture has only been demonstrated that majority has been separated fully, since, when injects along other 11 compound kind of [37]. Therefore, its as if that the column establishment which disposes appropriately with one, GC?GC may use takes mainly shields step for the environment sample contamination and along pollutant m any other kind of pesticides, with smallest sample preparation. Air Analysis Volatile organic compound (VOCs) in metropolis photochemical smog [38] the generation plays a strong character. The World Health Organization thought that possibly has to the air granular material’s exposition to the human health [39] the ill effect. But, uncertainty existence about from VOCs health effect in metropolis granular material (PM) [40]. Therefore, requests rapid, reliable and information method guarantee in air pollutant successful surveillance, proof and discovery. Many PAHs and PAHs (oxy-PAHs) which oxidizes is the carcinogen which and the mutagen suspected, with, therefore they are in the metropolis aerosol analysis profitable target analysis. GC?GC-FID and GC?GC four-pole MS (QMS) is applied permits from Finland about 1500 peaks goal PAHs [41] investigates in the metropolis air sample and the proof. But woman is unified the method for the compound proof and the quantification, used GC?GC-FID the combination to confirm the good reproducibility. 13 non-goal PAHs has been identified, and ten goal PAHs by quota. Found PAH centralism scope (0.5-5.5 ng/m3) with in Europe [41] other parts of standard methods obtained the result was comparable. The cigarette smoke is estimate extreme complex mixture component [43] which has not recognized including about 4,700 kind of identification’s compound and 100,000. GC?GC-TOFMS utilizes the solution approximately from the cigarette smoke [43] 30,000 peaks. After this, analyzes cigarette smoke condensate simpler sample determination neutrality score [44], basic score [45] and acidic score [46] chemical composition. Conventional GC-MS possible to separate 200 unknown peaks and identifies 115 hydrocarbons from the cigarette condensate limitless neutral scores; To identical sample GC?GC analysis, however, has achieved 4,000 kind of compound separations and 1,800 hydrocarbons [44] proved. In another research, GC?GC-TOF has identified 377 kind of nitrogen-containing compound to the cigarette condensate’s basic score’s MS analysis, in 155 is the pyridine derivative, 104 kinds kui lin or different kui lin derivative and 56 kind of pyrazine derivative [45]. Conclusions GC?GC has achieved the condition rapidly for to the volatile organic compound analysis most powerful tool. It appoints oneself achievement to be suitable completely for in the complex sample surveillance analysis technology. In the environment analyzed area, this includes PCBs by the analysis many example testimony to the common environment pollutant, PCDDs, PCDFs, PAHs and the pesticide in the complex environment matrix. Moreover, GC?GC has the potential to simplify the sample preparation procedure (even completely to eliminate them), when simultaneously causes when the shorter overall analysis time high resolution stratography spectrum. Regarding widely a new analysis method which adopts, not only it is certainly reliable and renewable, but it should also exhibit the significant advantage to surpass the method which accepts. The example reported the showing GC?GC method advantage in this review in the traditional 1DGC separation. In GC?GC historical first years period, the instrumentation development is the main focal point; However, from GC?GC system’s commercialization, the application quantity which reported greatly increases in the environment analysis and other scientific fields. Therefore, we may anticipate that the transition automation GC?GC is unified on-line sample which the correspondence uses to prepare gradually the equipment in the regular environmental monitoring. References 1. Marriott PJ. Haglund P, Ong RCY. Clin Chim Acta. 2003, 328:1–19. 2. Pawliszyn J. Solid phase microextraction, theory and practice. Wiley, New York. 1997. 3. Pawliszyn J. (1999) Applications of solid phase microextraction. Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge. 4. Dettmer K, Engewald W. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2002, 373: 490–500. 5. Butrym E. LC-GC. 1999, 17:S19–S24. 6. de Geus H-J, Wester PG, Schelvis A, de Boer J, Brinkman UATh. J Environ Monit. 2000, 2:503–511. 7. Mrowetz SHJ. J Chromatogr A. 1983, 279:173–187. 8. Duinker JC, Schultz DE, Petrick G. Mar Pollut Bull. 1998, 19:19–25. 9. Storr-Hansen E. Int J Environ Anal Chem.1991, 43:253–266. 10. Silvis LD, Kapila S, Yan Q, Elseewi AA. J Chromatogr A.1994, 688:221–230. 11. Schurig V, Reich S. Chirality. 1998, 10:425–429. 12. Liem DAK. Trends Anal Chem. 1999, 18:499–507. 13. Giddings JC. Anal Chem. 1984, 6:1258A–1270A. 14. Liu Z, Phillips JB. J Chromatogr Sci.1991, 29:227–231. 15. Hyotylainen T, Kallio M, Hartonen K, Jussila M, Palonen S, Riekkola M-L. Anal Chem. 2002, 74:4441–4446. 16. Kristenson EM, Korytar P, Danielsson C, Kallio M, Brandt M, Makela J, Vreuls RJJ, Beens J, Brinkman UATh. J Chromatogr A. 2003, 1019:65–77. 17. Arey JS, Nelson RK, Xu L, Reddy CM. Anal Chem. 2005, 77:7172–7182. 18. Gaines RB, Ledford EB, Stuart JD. J Microcol Sep. 1998, 10:597–604. 19. Beens J, Dalluge J, Adahchour M, Vreuls JJR, Brinkman UATh. J Microcol Sep. 2001, 13:134–140. 20. Blumer M, Souza G, Sass J. Mar Biol. 1970, 5:195–202. 21. Frysinger GS, Gaines RB, Xu L, Reddy CM. Environ Sci Technol. 2003, 37:653–1662. 22. Mueller SO. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2004, 378:582–587. 23. Ieda T, Horii Y, Petrick G, Yamashita N, Ochiai N, Kannan K. Environ Sci Technol. 2005, 39:7202–7207. 24. Moeder M, Martin C, Schlosser D, Harynuk J, Gorecki T. J Chromatogr A. 2006, 1107:233–239. 25. Morales-Munoz S, Vreuls RJJ, Luque de Castro MD. J Chromatogr A. 2005, 1086:122–127. 26. Cavagnino D, Magni P, Zilioli G, Trestianu S. J Chromatogr A. 2003, 1019:211–220. 27. Ong R, Lundstedt S, Haglund P, Marriott P. J Chromatogr A. 2003, 1019:221–232. 28. Schwarzenbach RP, Gschwend PM, Imboden DM. Environmental organic chemistry, 2nd edn. Wiley-Interscience, Hoboken, NJ. 2003. 29. Korytar P, Leonards PEG, de Boer J, Brinkman UATh. J Chromatogr A. 2002, 958:203–218. 30. Haglund P, Harju M, Ong R, Marriott P. J Microcol Sep. 2001, 13:306–311. 31. Danielsson C, Wiberg K, Korytar P, Bergek S, Brinkman UATh, Haglund P. J Chromatogr A. 2005, 1086:61–70. 32. Focant J-F, Reiner EJ, MacPherson K, Kolic T, Sjodin A, Patterson DG Jr, Reese SL, Dorman FL, Cochran J. Talanta. 2004, 63:1231–1240. 33. Liu Z, Sirimanne SR, Patterson DG Jr, Needham LL. Anal Chem. 1994, 66:3086–3092. 34. Dimandja J-M, Grainger J, Patterson DG Jr, Turner WE, Needham LL. J Exp Anal Environ Epidem. 2000, 10:761–768. 35. Focant J-F, Sjodin A, Turner WE, Patterson DG Jr. Anal Chem. 2004, 76:6313–6320. 36. Dalluge J, van Rijn M, Beens J, Vreuls RJJ, Brinkman UATh. J Chromatogr A. 2002, 965:207–217. 37. Korytar P, Leonards PEG, de Boer J, Brinkman UATh. J Chromatogr A. 2005, 1086:29–44. 38. Fowler D, Coyle M, Ashmore MR, Bower J, Williams ML, Smith R, Dollard GJ, Lee DS, Jenkin M, Stedman JR, Cox RA, Derwent RG, Harrison RM, Hewitt CN, Maynard RL, Penkett SA, Weston KJ, Woods PJ, Burgess RA, Anderson R. Fourth Report of the Oxidants Review Group 75-104. UK Department of the Environment, Transport and Regions, London. 1997. 39. WHO. Health aspects of air pollution with particulate matter, ozone and nitrogen dioxide. World Health Organization, Bonn. 2003. 40. Welthagen W, Schnelle-Kreis J, Zimmermann R. J Chromatogr A. 2003, 1019:233–249. 41. Kallio M, Hyotilainen T, Lehtonen M, Jussila ML, Hartonen K, Shimmo M, Riekkola M-L. J Chromatogr A. 2003, 1019:251– 260. 42. Schnelle-Kreis J, Welthagen W, Sklorz M, Zimmermann R. J Sep Sci. 2005, 28:1648–1657. 43. Dalluge J, van Stee LLP, Xu X, Williams J, Beens J, Vreuls RJJ, Brinkman UATh. J Chromatogr A.2002, 974:169–184. 44. Lu X, Zhao M, Kong H, Cai J, Wu J, Wu M, Hua R, Liu J, Xu G. J Chromatogr A. 2004, 1043:265–273. 45. Lu X, Zhao M, Cai J, Kong H, Wu J, Wu M, Hua R, Liu J, Xu G. J Sep Sci. 2004, 27:101–109. 46. Lu X, Cai J, Zhao M, Kong H, Wu J, Wu M, Hua R, Liu J, Xu G. Anal Chem. 2004, 74:4441–4451. Application of 2D gas chromatography for environmental analysis All these benefits make GC?GC in the toxic compounds involved in the determination of trace level environmental analysis of a very good tool in complex matrices. This paper summarizes some of the environmental analysis and review and monitoring of the GC?GC applications Introduction Many years of humans society development led to many of the world distribution of chemicals in the atmosphere, the Earth’s surface and land border. Many of these compounds are harmful to the world’s ecosystems and the people. Analysis of these compounds in the environment is important. When analytes have high vapor pressure, gas chromatography is the selection method. The main problem in the environmental analysis is to analyze the existence of material is usually very complex matrix trace. Result, a huge research work into the analysis of major environmental pollutants [1]. Methods used in environmental analysis is usually the same as in all aspects of practice. It includes sampling, sample preparation, separation and detection. All of these steps may benefit from change, it is usually the biggest limitations imposed by the separation step. In gas chromatography (GC) cases, the majority of environmental samples containing analyte and matrix components of many closely eluting peaks in a chromatographic dimension (1D) the maximum total capacity is greatly exceeded, and many coelutions and unresolved in the separation region was observed. This led to the analyte of interest and quantify the poor separation [1]. Poor resolution in the chromatographic analysis of sample preparation and detection of high demand for equipment placement. Expensive and labor-intensive sample preparation, and solvent waste may cause a lot of harmful to the environment. By microextraction method development, such as liquid-liquid microextraction (LLME) and solid phase microextraction (SPME) and non-dissolved sample introduction system (ie, direct thermal desorption), has the potential to greatly simplify the sample preparation process, without sacrificing sensitivity and selectivity [2-5]. On investigation, lack of resolution often means using mass spectrometry (MS), including high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), in some cases, is necessary. Figure 1 illustrates the GC-MS encountered in the common problems [36]. In the analysis of food extracts commonly 1D-GC clinch with insecticides (Fig. 1b), trace interest (in this case chlorfenvinphos) coelute analyte and sample matrix is more abundant components. Results obtained for such compounds, mass spectrometry (Figure 1e) frequently contains compounds derived from fragments of interference, leading to poor matching and library mass spectrometry (Fig. 1d). MS overlap algorithm may greatly improve the quality of the information of coeluting peak, but they are not always successful, when the number of coelutions is high. Figure 1a shows, full 2D-GC (GC?GC) to increase space and improve the chromatographic separation of the resolution, resulting in the separation of analytes of interest (chlorfenvinphos) from coeluting compounds and matrix components. Result, improved the quality of the analyte mass (Fig. 1c), taking into account the proof of a more confident analysis of material (Figure 1d). It is possible that some coelutions exist; these may often solve efficiently overlap with the MS, leading to better results, while reducing the number of components when the coeluting. GC?GC separation with the increased power resulting in a successful demo nstration and quantification of analytes. Fig. 1 GC?GC–TOF MS versus 1D-GC–TOF MS for the analysis of a carrot extract. The highest-capacity problem in terms of conventional gas chromatography through multi-dimensional gas chromatography to cope (MDGC) implementation. In this method, one-dimensional (1D) chromatogram of a complex and unresolved part is subjected to the stationary phase coated with a second column separation of the other selectivity [1]. Although this method increases the 1D chromatographic part of the choice of chromatographic resolutions, this method with automation challenging, and only a few sample components can be adequately addressed. However, the many applications is good for the PCBs, pesticides and toxaphene analysis, among other things, the report with different degrees of success [6-12]. Overall, however, is the exact number of separation will be beneficial, if the entire sample is subjected to a separation in two dimensions. This became possible a comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC?GC) in the introduction. Principle for Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography (GC?GC) 2D-GC is a comprehensive method of fundamental solution to meet the highest capacity. A typical structure of GC?GC set in Figure 2. The basic structure of GC?GC using virtually is the same as the composition of 1D-GC. These include syringes, oven, columns and detectors. In a typical GC?GC system, using non-polar stationary phase coated with a thick coating of a long column was installed as the main column. The exports through a special interface or modem is connected to the entrance of the second dimension column coated with stationary phase of another selectivity. Modulator connected not only to primary and secondary column; its main role is repeated trapping of the effluent fractions from the first dimension and periodic injection of them to the form of narrow pulses separated into further chromatographic analysis. Because the operation of 2D-GC in the fast condition, the detector in the GC?GC selection is limited to those capable of fast data collection rate. For example, GC?GC de tector can include flame ionization detector (FID), electron capture detector (ECD), single atomic emission detector (AED), sulfur compounds optical detector (SCD), nitrogen photodetector compounds (NCD) and time of flight mass spectrometer (TOF MS). Fig. 2 A block diagram of a GC?GC system. Modulator is the important part of the instrument, because it guarantees the separation is comprehensive and multidimensional [13]. In 1991, the first implementation of the GC?GC, the field has witnessed a number of modulator design [14]. Initially, the use of thermal adjustment of the heat modulator was implemented; however, the modular cryogenic liquid (liquid carbon dioxide or nitrogen) is currently the main use. Modulator at low temperatures within the system, each design has its own distinct advantages and limitations, making it suitable for analysis of the specific type. For example, the analysis of water pollutants has been developed an interface [19], when the buildings, and an in-house applications modulator in the quantitative analysis of PAHs and PCBs has been described [15]. Then, the modulator of the different types of analyte in the analysis of organohalogenated been evaluated [16]. The implementation of GC?GC provides the following advantage to surpass the 1D separation method: improvement separation strength; improved sensitivities; and constructs or highly predetermined, stratography spectrum. In the environment analysis, GC?GC has the potential to improve the toxic compound through the separation from the coeluting analysis and the matrix component, increases the detection limit such chemical product and provides the ideal for the surveillance application the two-dimensional stratography spectrum which constructs. Finally, this possibly causes to reduce to the smallest sample preparation procedure, and reduces analysis time. Other applications are also possible. For example, recently, GC?GC the product estimate which divided into for the diesel oil hydrocarbon environment had used, was important affected many ecosystems [17] the oil leak. Application of GC?GC in Environmental Analysis Water and Sediment Analysis The water is the most basic material to the life in planet. In order to estimate that the tap water safety for human consumption, the rapid, precise and the accurate method needs to analysis the water. The sediment is also important for river and the lake; The analysis of water pollutant is time-consuming sample preparation, follows by GC-MS analyzes. In the initial period realized that GC?GC has the great potential improvement to analysis water and sediment. In its earliest applications in this region, GC?GC was explained possibly from the common matrix interference which is separating the BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene and xylene) and methyl alcohol tert butyl ether (MTBE), when and SPME [18]. The separation strength of GC?GC is improved; MTBE and the benzene are the foundation line solution in the 2nd chromatograph analysis space. This research showed GC?GC has the great potential for water pollutant analysis by combination this technology with microextraction (head space SPME). Certain Earth’s freshwater body is polluted daily by petroleum and the oil contamination. In the 1970s, it is pays attention the petroleum sample stratography spectrum to exhibit a model, has not solved, foundation line which rises â€Å"hillock† [20]. Chromatogram is the complex part, including compound many different kinds, refers to â€Å"unsolution complex mixture† at present [21]. GC?GC-FID uses in analysis of two different freshwater sediments [21]. Observed the conventional sample preparation procedure, the author has used the superior resolution, and has constructed the chromatogram of sediment for UCM different levele by GC?GC. The chromatogram obtained for two samples provides by clue direction contamination important source researcher. , The research showed GC?GC the potential importantly in the environment law, for an environmental chemistry basic tool, environmental audit. The nonylphenol polyethylene ethoxides’ degenerated product, was possible feminine hormone splitter [22]. Increases the concern, NPs from the urban district [23] the water and the deposition present are found. GC?GC-TOF MS is the NP isomer separation from technical mixture [24] used. 41 components are identified. Figure 3 explanation GC?GC-TOF MS application to NP isomer respective ion trace analysis from identical research. Two NP stave products were explained that m/z 135 (chart 3a) and m/z 149 (chart 3b). Two chromatogram exhibition group type separation, emphasizes by the connection compound peak maximum value in the identical homologous family incline line. It from as a result of various NP isomer structure similarity, the complete separation is the very difficult this chart is obvious. However, other resolution strength by GC?GC provided â€Å"cleanly† the mass spectrum to provide, made the analysis proof to be easier. Fig. 3. Extracted ion GC?GC–TOF MS chromatograms of a technical nonylphenyl (NP) mixture GC?GC for to the environment pollutant’s analysis was recently the application current in oceanic deposit [25]. A qualitative method has developed, fast and is unified according to the tendency by the ultrasonic wave assistance’s extraction to the complex sample’s high resolution analysis provides to GC?GC-TOF UAE which is fast and high efficiency selective sampling pretreatment procedure is utilized solid sample [30]. A high efficiency and has the selective sample preparation method, when the powerful separation method GC?GC combine with UAE can causes 1500 kind of more than several not aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) the compound and the certificate resolution, NPs and dialkylated benzene. Once more, GC?GC not only ability from each other isolation analysis, and has proven from the sample matrix priceless. The carcinogen which and the mutagen suspected, PAHs is many industry activity by-product and the universal existence is distributed in the environment. Because it requests the hard sledding and has the selective sample preparation, they in the deposition sample’s trace determination are difficult. The improvement to complex matrix’s PAHs, the Cavagnino trace analysis with GC?GC-FID [large-volume splitless injection (LVSI) technology]. Sample complex which analyzes is many deposition sample representative who obtains from the river and the lake. Separated and investigates seven PAHs which diluted in the synthesis diesel oil to demonstrate the LVSI- GC?GC-FID potential achievement in the low ppb level for to trace amount analysis one powerful and the rapid tool in complex matrix PAHs. While, Ong. and so on has developed a PAHs rapid surveillance method probably in the soil sample, utilizes liquid extraction (PLE) – GC?GC-FID [27]. The current publishing work is merely GC?GC latent serviceable demonstration to deposition sample PAH analysis. In brief, with the resolution which improves, improvement many sensitivities and the stratography spectrum which orders, GC?GC may add on the result which effective and the rapid sample preparation method produces cannot be achieved by the routine analysis procedure. Analysis of PCBs, PCDDs and PCDFs Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and some polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners is dominated by bioaccumulation and biomagnification in the environment and thus is a dangerous The wildlife and people. Many are suspected carcinogens and induced changes of [28]. Of PCBs, dioxins and furans in the environment assessment of certain requirements of a method to isolate and quantify them in complex samples such as food, soil and water. GC?GC provides one advantageous method in complex matrix’s PCDDs and the PCDFs analysis. In its one of early experiments, a liquid crystal main column and a limitless secondary column (according to steam pressure separation) uses in (according to the planarity separation) separates the tone – and from technical mixture [30] non-straight PCB congeners. The connection GC?GC microelectron captures investigates (MECD) is toxic PCBs, PCDDs and the PCDFs determination is the application in the cod liver sample [29]. The analysis result showed all 12 priority PCB from liver sample congeners, and most toxic Dai Aoxin and fu nan the full separation and the proof nail fast with 90 PCBs and 17 contain poison PCDDs and PCDFs. Moreover, when compares with the standard sample preparation procedure, the liver sample pretreatment does not have the selectivity and reduces to is smallest. It has included the direct injection and fractionation followed cell degree of illness gradually dra ws back, the centrifuge process to enter GC?GC the system. Figure 4 showing from the 2nd stratography spectrum which obtains to the cod liver sample’s analysis. Recently, an item of multilaboratory research has been conducted in food sample, analyzes PCDD/Fs and World Health Organization PCBs through once more GC?GC-MECD and the GC-HRMS comparison and the explanation GC?GC great potential in the rapid surveillance application [31]. With the standard analysis method comparison GC?GC, GC?GC the performance is unified (GC?GC-ID-TOF MS) has to 13C mark isotopic dilution (ID) TOF MS conventional GC-HRMS to appraise [32]. Quantification 17 PCDD/Fs and four PCBs nail fast in the soil and in the deposition sample are two methods are comparable. However, GC?GC implementation request only smallest sample preparation, and causes the signal improvement (factor 5-10), superior resolution, lower instrumentation expense, and improved TOF the MS data [32] the ghost overlaps legitimately. As highest capacity which and resolution result increases, the unknown compound’s proof is possible. Fig. 4 GC?GC–ECD chromatogram of a cod liver sample spiked with 90 PCBs [29]. Pesticide Analysis Forms the challenge to the pesticide analysis to analyze the chemist to prepare about the sample to make the law and the chromatography. Is similar other toxic compound, the pesticide is usually distributed in the trace amount environment. Moreover, they are extreme complex matrix part of for example foods, the soil and the water sample. Needs to be like today presses to the rapid high resolution analysis method. GC?GC the application early showed the method potential regular implementation to the pesticide analysis in person’s organization in the future. Supercritical invariable extraction (SFE) with GC?GC-FID together utilizes the analysis in person’s blood serum [33] the pesticide. To were few from the sharp person’s blood serum extraction’s 15 pesticide’s foundation line segments achieve in four minutes. Later, GC?GC-FID to estimate that the child pesticide exposure has been utilized through the use urine and the blood serum [34] low-power. This special example in were few showed 16 pesticide complete separations in four minutes. Recently, has been demonstrated including PCBs and the organic chlorine pesticide 59 organization pollutant’s proof and the quantification [35]. But GC?GC-ID-TOF MS completed the comparable result author who ran in standard routine analysis (GC-ID-TOFMS) to indicate that analyzed like this, three different injection needs . GC?GC the application early showed the method potential regular implementation to the pesticide analysis in person’s organization in the future. Supercritical invariable extraction (SFE) with GC?GC-FID together utilizes the analysis in person’s blood serum [33]. Pesticide determination in food extract is similarly important. Separated using GC?GC-TOF MS and identifies 58 pesticides to nail fast completely on the vegetable was explained [36]. This completed with has been smallest and the non-selective sample preparation: The celery or the carrot sample and the sodium acetate and the ethyl acetate have chopped, mixed, was mixed, has been separated, and is dried. The extract is injected entered GC?GC [36]. Recently, separated 12 halogenate compound kind of groups five different GC?GC column combination to appraise, including PCBs, PCDDs, PCDFs, multi-chlorobenzene diphenyl ester (PCDEs), multi-chlorobenzene naphthalene (PCNs), multi-chlorobenzene dibenzothiophenes (PCDTs), multi-chlorobenzene terphenyl (PCTs), multi-chlorobenzene alkane (PCAs), toxaphene, multi-bromination biphenyl (PBBs), multi-bromination diphenyl ether (PBDEs) and organic chlorine pesticide (OCPs) [37]. Although this article focal point is the different compound kind of major group separates, was also explained in the family separation. When the separation and proof all 28 OCPs are pure pesticide mixture has only been demonstrated that majority has been separated fully, since, when injects along other 11 compound kind of [37]. Therefore, its as if that the column establishment which disposes appropriately with one, GC?GC may use takes mainly shields step for the environment sample contamination and along pollutant m any other kind of pesticides, with smallest sample preparation. Air Analysis Volatile organic compound (VOCs) in metropolis photochemical smog [38] the generation plays a strong character. The World Health Organization thought that possibly has to the air granular material’s exposition to the human health [39] the ill effect. But, uncertainty existence about from VOCs health effect in metropolis granular material (PM) [40]. Therefore, requests rapid, reliable and information method guarantee in air pollutant successful surveillance, proof and discovery. Many PAHs and PAHs (oxy-PAHs) which oxidizes is the carcinogen which and the mutagen suspected, with, therefore they are in the metropolis aerosol analysis profitable target analysis. GC?GC-FID and GC?GC four-pole MS (QMS) is applied permits from Finland about 1500 peaks goal PAHs [41] investigates in the metropolis air sample and the proof. But woman is unified the method for the compound proof and the quantification, used GC?GC-FID the combination to confirm the good reproducibility. 13 non-goal PAHs has been identified, and ten goal PAHs by quota. Found PAH centralism scope (0.5-5.5 ng/m3) with in Europe [41] other parts of standard methods obtained the result was comparable. The cigarette smoke is estimate extreme complex mixture component [43] which has not recognized including about 4,700 kind of identification’s compound and 100,000. GC?GC-TOFMS utilizes the solution approximately from the cigarette smoke [43] 30,000 peaks. After this, analyzes cigarette smoke condensate simpler sample determination neutrality score [44], basic score [45] and acidic score [46] chemical composition. Conventional GC-MS possible to separate 200 unknown peaks and identifies 115 hydrocarbons from the cigarette condensate limitless neutral scores; To identical sample GC?GC analysis, however, has achieved 4,000 kind of compound separations and 1,800 hydrocarbons [44] proved. In another research, GC?GC-TOF has identified 377 kind of nitrogen-containing compound to the cigarette condensate’s basic score’s MS analysis, in 155 is the pyridine derivative, 104 kinds kui lin or different kui lin derivative and 56 kind of pyrazine derivative [45]. Conclusions GC?GC has achieved the condition rapidly for to the volatile organic compound analysis most powerful tool. It appoints oneself achievement to be suitable completely for in the complex sample surveillance analysis technology. In the environment analyzed area, this includes PCBs by the analysis many example testimony to the common environment pollutant, PCDDs, PCDFs, PAHs and the pesticide in the complex environment matrix. Moreover, GC?GC has the potential to simplify the sample preparation procedure (even completely to eliminate them), when simultaneously causes when the shorter overall analysis time high resolution stratography spectrum. Regarding widely a new analysis method which adopts, not only it is certainly reliable and renewable, but it should also exhibit the significant advantage to surpass the method which accepts. The example reported the showing GC?GC method advantage in this review in the traditional 1DGC separation. In GC?GC historical first years period, the instrumentation development is the main focal point; However, from GC?GC system’s commercialization, the application quantity which reported greatly increases in the environment analysis and other scientific fields. Therefore, we may anticipate that the transition automation GC?GC is unified on-line sample which the correspondence uses to prepare gradually the equipment in the regular environmental monitoring. References 1. Marriott PJ. Haglund P, Ong RCY. Clin Chim Acta. 2003, 328:1–19. 2. Pawliszyn J. Solid phase microextraction, theory and practice. Wiley, New York. 1997. 3. Pawliszyn J. (1999) Applications of solid phase microextraction. Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge. 4. Dettmer K, Engewald W. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2002, 373: 490–500. 5. Butrym E. LC-GC. 1999, 17:S19–S24. 6. de Geus H-J, Wester PG, Schelvis A, de Boer J, Brinkman UATh. J Environ Monit. 2000, 2:503–511. 7. Mrowetz SHJ. J Chromatogr A. 1983, 279:173–187. 8. Duinker JC, Schultz DE, Petrick G. Mar Pollut Bull. 1998, 19:19–25. 9. Storr-Hansen E. Int J Environ Anal Chem.1991, 43:253–266. 10. Silvis LD, Kapila S, Yan Q, Elseewi AA. J Chromatogr A.1994, 688:221–230. 11. Schurig V, Reich S. Chirality. 1998, 10:425–429. 12. Liem DAK. Trends Anal Chem. 1999, 18:499–507. 13. Giddings JC. Anal Chem. 1984, 6:1258A–1270A. 14. Liu Z, Phillips JB. J Chromatogr Sci.1991, 29:227–231. 15. Hyotylainen T, Kallio M, Hartonen K, Jussila M, Palonen S, Riekkola M-L. Anal Chem. 2002, 74:4441–4446. 16. Kristenson EM, Korytar P, Danielsson C, Kallio M, Brandt M, Makela J, Vreuls RJJ, Beens J, Brinkman UATh. J Chromatogr A. 2003, 1019:65–77. 17. Arey JS, Nelson RK, Xu L, Reddy CM. Anal Chem. 2005, 77:7172–7182. 18. Gaines RB, Ledford EB, Stuart JD. J Microcol Sep. 1998, 10:597–604. 19. Beens J, Dalluge J, Adahchour M, Vreuls JJR, Brinkman UATh. J Microcol Sep. 2001, 13:134–140. 20. Blumer M, Souza G, Sass J. Mar Biol. 1970, 5:195–202. 21. 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