Aspectual evaluation of IS in use Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Aspectual evaluation of IS in use - Essay Example Since it is a flash presentation, it can also be put on a website and made available to general public for their interest. Aspectual Evaluation In order to perform aspectual evaluation for this presentation, 4 subjects have been used , which are - My sister, who hate smokers, - My brother, who smokes occasionally, - My father, who is in his 50s and, - My friend, who is a chain smoker Quantitative aspect The presentation provides information to its viewer not only through text but also images and animations. The main screen of the presentation allows user to access 5 different areas which are Story, Facts, Quitting, Gallery and Credits. There is also a Home button which takes the viewer back to the main screen. Upon clicking on Story link, the story of Smokey the smoker is told and Smokey is shown smoking at different places. Upon clicking on the fact button, various facts related to smoking and how it is hazardous to the human body and the environment are shown. The Quitting button s hows information and links which are helpful to those who are considering or are in the process of quitting their smoking habit. The Gallery section present users with information in pictures with some revealing images comparing body condition of smokers and nonsmokers. All the people who were shown this presentation liked it very much. They found it easy to navigation due to simple navigation buttons on the main screen and a clearly visible Home button. My friend and my brother were particularly interested in the Gallery section, as they found the images impressive and with a clear message (University of Salford, UK, 2008). Spatial Aspect As the presentation is in Adobe Flash format, it is not only easy to view but also easy to store. The file size of the presentation is less than 1 MB. It can be easily uploaded to a website using any internet connection available today. The presentation has been kept at a low resolution so it doesn’t take up much screen space. It was equall y enjoyable on my laptop when viewed by my friend and brother, as well as on my TV when I showed it to my sister and father. Kinematic Aspect The presentation allows it viewers to get a significant amount of information related to smoking and its hazardous through a single point, so they do not have to attend different seminars or lectures. Only my sister and father were required to move to my room in order to view the presentation. Both my friend and my brother viewed it on my laptop when I took it to their respective rooms. Physical Aspect This presentation does not have significant physical Aspect. This presentation require negligible amount of energy to view and understand. In order to view the presentation, the viewer does have to double click on the presentation file to launch it. It does not put load on computer screen or any other computer resource apart from taking some computer cycles required to process the image rendering and animation. It only exists as a magnetic patte rn on a metallic platter of a disk drive in a physical world. Biotic/Organic Aspect By viewing the presentations, all four subjects went through different emotions which brought about different biological changes. When viewing Smokey’s animation all four people were really entertained by it , thus changing their feeling to happiness which was evident from their faces. Browsing through Gallery images

The executive branch of the U.S. goverment Essay Example for Free

The executive branch of the U.S. goverment Essay Using specific examples discuss how Madisons observations in Federalist Paper 51 apply to the relationship between the legislative branch and the modern president. In order to keep the government from becoming too powerful and endangering the liberty of its people, the framers of the United States Constitution endorsed the implementation of separation of powers so that the different branches of the government would keep one another in check. In Federalist Paper 51, Madison focused on the crucial relationship between the legislative and executive branches with the use of separation of powers. He stated, In the republican government the legislative authority, necessarily, predominates. The remedy for this inconvenience is, to divide the legislative into different branches[and] the weakness of the executive may require, on the other hand, that it should be fortified. While the separation of powers has successfully protected the liberty of Americas people, it has also caused a continual struggle between the executive and legislative branch to gain power over matters such as the economy, the right to pass legislation, and control over the military. Due to the prevalence of the legislative power severely limiting the authority of the executive, there is a large imbalance between the demands and expectations pressing in upon the President and his capacity to respond to them. The president cannot get his policies adopted by Congress without long delays and much bargaining. However, some fortification of the executive branch has allowed the president overcome some of these limitations in performing roles such as commander in chief, chief diplomat, and chief legislator. The president holds the most authority as commander in chief than in any other role. While the Congress has the sole power to declare war, the president can send armed forces into a country in situations that are the equivalent of war. Numerous presidents in the history of America have exercised this right. McKinley sent troops to Peking after the Boxer Rebellion, while Truman dispatched troops to Korea to take police action. Kennedy, Johnson, and Nixon had an entire war in Southeast Asia without Congress approval. In 1973, however, Congress attempted to get some of their military decision-making ability back. By passing the War Powers Act, Congress spelled out the conditions under which the president can dispatch troops without the approval of Congress. If he chooses to send troops, the president must report to Congress within forty-eight hours. Then Congress has the right to pass a declaration of war within sixty days, extend the sixty-day time limit, or withdraw the troops. In 1983, President Reagan tested the War Powers Act when he wanted troops to remain in Lebanon. Congress would only allow him a limited number of troops to stay in the dangerous area. In spite of the War Powers Act, the powers of the president as commander in chief are more extensive today than they were in the past. As chief diplomat the president is granted several powers in dealing with foreign countries and other heads of state that do not require the consent of Congress. The recognition power, which allows the president to recognize, or refuse to recognize, a foreign government, is an important power of the president. In modern times, the simple act of receiving a foreign diplomat has been equivalent to accrediting the diplomat and officially recognizing his or her government. Such recognition is a preliminary step in achieving diplomatic relations or negotiations with another country. The United States, for example, did not recognize the Soviet Union until 1933, sixteen years after the Russian Revolution of 1917. The presidents power as chief diplomat is enhanced greatly by the use of executive agreements also. These agreements made between the president and other heads of state do not require Senate approval because the president cannot go back on his word. The advantages of executive agreements instead of a treaty are speed and secrecy, which are extremely important in some situations. Unlike a treaty however, executive agreements are binding only during the administrating that initiates it, unless approved by the new presidents consent. Despite its lack of interference in approving the agreements, the Senate can refuse to appropriate the funds necessary in implementing them. Franklin Roosevelt used executive agreements to bypass congressional isolationists in trading American destroyers for British Caribbean naval bases and in arranging diplomatic and military affairs with Canada and Latin American nations. As chief legislator, the president can propose legislation; however, the  Congress must review them and is not required to pass any of the administrations bills. To overcome this obstacle the president must have the ability to argue and persuade. According to Richard E. Neustadt, governing rests in the act of persuasion not commands. The president needs to induce them to believe that what he wants of them is what their own appraisal of their own responsibilities requires them to do in their interests. On the other hand, the president must sign all bills accepted by Congress to become a law. If he does not want to make the bill a law, the president has the power to return the unsigned bill to the legislator, in what is called a veto. If the president does send the bill back, Congress can change the bill hoping the president will pass it the next time; otherwise, the Congress can override the presidents veto with a two-thirds vote in both houses. If the executive refuses to sign a bill and Congress adjourns within ten working days, the bill is stalled and must be reintroduced next session, in what is known as a pocket veto. Ronald Reagan lobbied for the line-item veto, which would allow a president to veto only specific sections of a bill. In 1996, the line-item veto was passed by Congress and signed by President Clinton. The law grants the president the power to rescind any item in an appropriations bill unless Congress passes a disapproval bill, which could be vetoed itself. The veto is a very powerful weapon that helps the executive control legislation and in turn gives the president more authority in making critical decisions. The president is also granted a variety of special powers and privileges not available to the other branches of the U.S. government, which help to fortify the executive. One of these powers is the Presidents ability to use emergency powers. Emergency power is an inherent capability exercised by the president during a period of national crisis, especially pertaining to foreign predicaments, which allows him to make crucial decisions without the approval of Congress. Presidents have used emergency powers since the formation of the United States. For example, President Lincoln suspended the liberties of all citizens at the beginning of the Civil War and called the militia into national service. However, it was not until 1936, when the Supreme Court ruled in favor of Roosevelt in United States v. Curtis-Wright Export Corporation, allowing the president to order an embargo on the  shipment of weapons to two warring South American countries without the consent of Congress, that the executives have been able to initiate emergency powers formally. The right of an executive to use emergency powers has greatly strengthened the position of the president. An executive order is a rule or regulation issued by the president that has the equivalent effect that a law has. These orders can implement treaties, statutes, and provisions in the Constitution. This authority given to the president represents the executives legislative power. The Administrative Procedure Act of 1946 places a single requirement on executive orders; the president must publish the order in the Federal Register. Executive orders have been used in the past to implement national affirmative action regulations, to establish procedures for appointing administrators, to ration consumer goods, and to regulate the export of particular goods. Executive orders give the president the ability to act as a law making body, once again strengthening his position. All presidents have the right of executive privilege, which allows him to refuse to appear before, or withhold information from, the judicial system or Congress. Opponents believe that this privilege only allows the president to hide information from Congress and the American people. In the United States history, the boundaries of executive privilege have only been tested once. During the Watergate Scandal, Nixon claimed, No president could function if the private papers of his office, prepared by his personal staff, were open to public scrutiny. In 1974, the Supreme Court ordered Nixon to give all of the tapes of his conversations in the Oval Office to the courts upon their unanimous ruling in United States v. Nixon. Executive privilege helps shield the president from the other two branches of government, giving the modern president even more power. By law, when a president enters office he proposes a budget and the Congress approves it. However, it is not stated clearly that he must spend all of it. Often times the executive chooses not to use all the money congress provides; this is referred to as the impoundment of funds. Jefferson, Grant, Hoover, and Roosevelt all deferred money. Truman did not spend as much money  on the military as Congress granted, while Kennedy refused to put money into weapons systems. The Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974 changed all this. It came in response to President Nixons refusal to spend funds allotted to him by Congress and was passed over Nixons veto. The law required the executive to spend all money appropriated by Congress with few exceptions. Among the exceptions were if the president did not want to spend the funds, he must notify Congress. However, Congress can override the president if they do not give him consent to withhold the funds within forty-five days. The Budget and Impoundment Control Act puts the executive at a disadvantage, allowing the legislative branch a little control. Despite the restraints put on the power of the executive branch by the separation of powers and the predomination of the legislative branch, the president has successfully surmounted many limitations by bestowing special rights upon the executive. These privileges have increased the power of the president while enabling him to make decision and take action more successfully and efficiently. In the past 60 years, however, the executive branch has gained an extraordinary amount of power, almost allowing the position to rival the authority in all of Congress. However, it is extremely necessary to have a strong executive in the United States.

Stopping By Woods On A Snowy E :: essays research papers

"Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening" and "Mending Wall" An Analysis of Two Robert Frost Works. James Allen once said, 'You are today where your thoughts have brought you; you will be tomorrow where your thoughts take you.'; After reading the two Robert Frost poems, Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening and Mending Wall, one can not help to wonder what kinds of thoughts inspired these two poems. It becomes clear that the underlying theme in both of these poems is simply freedom of thought. These free thoughts give a person the capability to live how he chooses. In the first poem, Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening, Frost vividly describes a freedom that many of us take for granted. He tells how he has decided to take the time to stop what he is doing and admire the snow as it falls in the woods and on a frozen lake. The man who owns these woods lives in the town and is ignorant of the beauty that they contain. He has not taken the time to notice how beautiful they are as the snow comes down. The owner of the woods, we'll call him Bob, lives in the town and is busy living his life in the town. Bob will not notice because he takes for granted the fact that he is able to go look at the woods much like the author. 'Whose woods these are I think I know. His house is in the village, though; He will not see me stopping here To watch his woods fill up with snow.'; The persona is saying that he knows who owns the woods, but he won't see him looking at the woods because he lives in the town. The author knows that Bob will not visit because he only owns the woods, he lives in the town and does not appreciate the beauty they possess or he would be there visiting them himself. The author is appreciating life and the freedom that he has while observing his own winter or the last stanza of his life as he watches the woods as they fill will snow. It is clear that the author (the persona of the poem) has chosen a life different from that of Bob. Bob has chosen the city life of materialistic things while the author has decided to take in the beauty of the world.

Essay --

Medical marijuana is an extremely effective medication. Medical cannabis is used to treat patients with a medical problem. Marijuana legalization can help save lives, create jobs, and better our society. In order to purchase medical cannabis, one must have a medical card. In order to get a medical card, one must show valid proof that they have a medical condition. Cannabis shops generally ask for a doctor’s note. The medical shops make people show a valid proof of medical condition because if not anybody would get and abuse marijuana. According to CMCR, medical shops want the money and will approve any patient for a medical card when they don’t even have an illness. There are many medical cannabis dispensaries typically in every location. There is so many competitive cannabis clubs, but they are not located in proper places such as next to a school or close to a church. There are many medical benefits of having a medical card. It treats patients that have Aids/HIV, Cancer, Leukemia, Tumors, Anorexia, and even depression (San Francisco Medical Dispensary). Marijuana is vital because it could help those patients that suffer from illnesses. Some patient’s medications are too strong and make them nauseas, which is the reason why many patients do not like to take prescription pills. Prescription pills can take many hours for the patient to feel effect of pill. This is why some patient’s would prefer too smoke medical cannabis and have the cannabis kick in instantly for their pain. The medical marijuana has certain tetra hydro cannabinol levels, which patients could choose depending on how much pain they are in. Tetra hydro cannabinol (THC) determines how strong the cannabis is. There are also body highs and head highs. A head high is a... ...n Elders, MD "The evidence is overwhelming that marijuana can relieve certain types of pain, nausea, vomiting and other symptoms caused by such illnesses as multiple sclerosis, cancer and AIDS -- or by the harsh drugs sometimes used to treat them. And it can do so with remarkable safety. Indeed, marijuana is less toxic than many of the drugs that physicians prescribe every day."(Editorial, Providence Journal) Medicinal Marijuana is one the most overlooked medicinal herbs in the world. Marijuana has been found to reverse the growth of brain tumors and initiate the stop and destruction of brain cancer cells. This herb can also help boost ones appetite, for example people who have trouble eating such as cancer and AIDS patients. Scientist had found that in the 1970’s Glaucoma patients who used Marijuana found relief of pressure behind the eyes, thus soothing the pain.

Identical Diversity of Mesopotamia, Egypt and Greece

Mesopotamia is a Greek term which refers to the land between two rivers namely Euphrates and Tigris which is now called Iraq. Mesopotamia is known for being occupied by the Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians and Assyrians which helped in making it a very diverse civilization both in culture and design. Due to the fact that Mesopotamia is a land between two rivers, their way of writing, farming (irrigation), astronomy, literature and design all depended on the two rivers. Hellenistic Greece literally means a culture wherein Greeks and Asians are together. This vision started with the conquest of Alexander the great which started with the conquest of Babylon up to the trip to India. All of his efforts helped spread the Greek Culture all throughout Asia. Aside from that, the very first conquest of Alexander the great was Mycenae and then the infamous Egypt was next, which is why there was a city in Egypt called Alexandria. With all the different conquests and all the different cultures coinciding with each other, it is evident that there may be diversity in the three civilizations, but surely there will have been common structural and cultural designs that will clash with each other. Two of the civilizations, namely Mesopotamia and Egypt share common architecture. Seldom do they create towering homes or buildings most especially under the heat of the sun. They create buildings that have ceilings that would bend inwards if not arching upwards. In creating their housing they simply use branches and mud to be able to make their shelter weather proof. Although when it comes to building tombs or monuments such as temples and palaces they make use of bricks and in the case of the Egyptians by 4000 BC they make use of stones such as limestone, granite and sandstone. In both civilizations they creatively made sun dried bricks made of mud to be able to make their infamous monuments. Monuments that still stand until now such as Mastabas in the case of the Egyptians, where they bury their dead and the great Ziggurats of the Mesopotamians were the first monumental buildings made by man kind. On the other hand, Greece was famous for a number of different monuments. In Mycenae tombs such as that found in the other two civilizations is present namely the great beehive tombs and massive palaces. The Greeks are famous when it comes to the pillars with a decorated top or formally called as ‘capitals’. But unknown to many men, these originate in the basic design of Mesopotamian and Egyptian pillars. Pillars in these two countries used to be made of bundle of reeds. When one looks at the bundle of reeds they seem like a circular arrangement pointing upwards in a neat array with protrusions on the bottom and most especially on the top. Egyptians evolved from reeds to stone. Egyptians made pillars made of stone in the way that their previous pillars where made, they placed palm-leaf designs for the ‘capitals’ and ribbed fluting to make it similar to their pillars of reeds. From this design the Greeks altered it in such a way that they made the pillars a lot slimmer for balance but still kept the ‘capitals’ and used it as a horizontal support. Generally there are a lot more different influences are shared by these three civilizations due to the fact that they share common history. Monuments, buildings and pillars are just some of the great identical differences they may have. `Highlights from the Collection: Mesopotamia', Oriental Institute of theUniversity of Chicago, [Online] Available at: http://oi.uchicago.edu/museum/highlights/meso.html ‘Mesopotamia’, Ancient History Sourcebook: Mesopotamia, [Online] `Iraq-Ancient Mesopotamia', Library of Congress; Article on Ancient Iraq, [Online] Available at: http http://ancienthistory.about.com/od/neareast/a/LOCIraq.htm `Greece', Cyber Museum, [Online] Available at: http://members.tripod.com/jaydambrosio/greece.html Fletcher, T. 2006, `A Short History of the World Architecture’, Essential Architecture, [Online] Available at: http://www.essential-architecture.com/MISC/MISC-hist.htm ; ;

Computer Analysis Lab 2 Essay

Computer Analysis Lab 2 Essay Computer Analysis Lab 2 Essay Janel Paffie TB143 Unit 2 1. Computer Analysis Hard Drive Capacity RAM Processor Speed Special Features Price HP Pavilion Desktop AMD A8 Series 2000GB 8GB 2.0Ghz Built-in Wireless network $499.99 Dell Inspiron Desktop-Intel Core i3 1000GB 8GB 3.6Ghz Built-in Wireless network; Bluetooth; HDMI output $479.99 HP-15.6† Touch-Screen Laptop Intel Core i3 750GB 6GB 1.9Ghz Touchscreen; HDMI output $399.99 Toshiba-Satellite 15.6† Laptop Intel Celeron 500GB 4GB 2.58Ghz Bluetooth; HDMI output $229.99 2. Profession and Computers Movie Maker: This profession requires a computer capable of handling a memory-busting workload. Fast, sufficient memory, and the latest graphics and audio cards are necessary to support the real-time media work. In order to run software needed at a reasonable level, make sure to have a large enough hard drive (over 160GB), plenty of RAM (more than 4GB), and a quality sound card. Professional Gamer: Desktops are the best bet for gaming. Fast processors and video cards consume tons of power and produce tons of heat, which is handled better by a desktop. A quad-core processor is recommended due to the rise of modern games making use of additional cores. For smooth graphics and a more immersive experience you will want a fast video card. The processor and video card are of equal importance. Majority of games will run on 4GB of RAM, but 8GB is recommended. To help with load times, a solid-state drive with over 200GB of storage is advised. Digital

Enlightenment essay Essays

Enlightenment essay Essays Enlightenment essay Essay Enlightenment essay Essay The Age of Enlightenment also referred to as the Age of Reason was an intellectual movement that characterized the world of ideas in Europe in the course of the 18th century (Roberson 246). There are different factors that led to the Enlightenment movement. They include the power struggle between the state and the church. It was also caused by the discovery of new societies by the West with different cultural traditions and values. In addition, many intellectuals were angered by the unwillingness of their governments to provide personal rights. These factors led to the introduction of a cultural revolution which enhanced new ideas and principles regarding economic, political and most importantly, philosophical debates. Increasing skepticism and concerns over the absolute authority of the church and the state sparked a revolution which focused on individualism, self-determination and liberty among other change agents (Roberson 246. The thinkers of Enlightenment valued democracy and eq uality. The Age of Enlightenment would have a lasting effect throughout the world. Although it was a major phenomenon during the 18th century, its impacts are still felt on most of the major documents of the world. As a matter of fact, in the absence of this period, perhaps the US would not be in existence today. While in Europe, most of the Americas founding fathers met and shared with the Enlightenment thinkers. As a result, they brought back their ideas and principles to America. Most important is the fact that the Enlightenment entailed different ideas that were based on reason as the main pillar of authority and legitimacy, which later came to promote ideas like constitutional government, liberty, and tolerance (Outram 29). Other ideals include separation of church and state and fraternity. Outram, Dorinda. Panorama of the Enlightenment. Getty Publications, p. 29 Roberson, Rusty. Enlightened Piety during the Age of Benevolence: The Christian Knowledge Movement in the British Atlantic World. Church History, 85.2: 246

The effect of temperature on the cell membrane of a beetroot.

The effect of temperature on the cell membrane of a beetroot. PlanningAimIn this experiment I will be testing the effect of temperature on the plasma membrane of a beetroot. I will do this by measuring the percentage light transmission using a spectrophotometer. Once I have obtained my results, I will justify them using scientific knowledge explaining what I have observed whilst carrying out the experiment.Factors to be controlled"‚Â « The pH concentration"‚Â « Regular use of distilled water"‚Â « Ensuring that the surface area of each piece of beetroot is the same"‚Â « Use the same volume of water"‚Â « Start with the required temperature before placing the beetroot into the boiling tube."‚Â « Use a new piece of beetroot for each experimental temperature"‚Â « Ensuring that the boiling tubes are left in the water baths for the same amount of timeThrough secondary research I found that if I were to prevent the structure of the protein from altering in any way, I would need to keep the pH level constant.Beetroot D ip DuoSubsequently, I decided to will be using distilled water throughout the experiment as it has a pH 7 and is neutral; neither acid nor alkali. By surrounding the beetroot with distilled water the protein will not have been altered, and the concentration gradient will be fairly constant for each of the temperatures also. This is because I will be exposing the beetroot to the surroundings of the same type of water, maintaining a fair test as distilled water may contain less or more impurities as other types of water, for example: tap water. I will have to control the amount of distilled water I use to place the beetroot pieces in and control this by using a measuring cylinder. I will measure 15cm3 of distilled water each time. It is important to keep the amount of...

Should executives use structured or unstructured interview formats Essay

Should executives use structured or unstructured interview formats when interviewing managers What are the positive and negative implications - Essay Example Therefore, Executives should use structured interview formats to interview their managers. Structured interviews entail use of the interview questions written on a paper and the interviewer asks questions verbally noting down the answers. The script may be created in advance or may be given by the human resources department. The questions are structured in a predetermined format and are similar to all interviewees, in this case, interviewee are the managers. A structured interview allows the executive find out any information need remarkably quickly and determines the qualifications of the candidate to the next level. The executives will be released off the pressures since they will be aware of questions to ask, and the answers given by the managers will be reliably aggregated (Beebe, 2001). Structured interview questions are based on the job analysis in order to ensure impartiality and fairness. The questions asked are critically analyzed and highly effective in evoking responses from managers to enable the decision making process. Every candidate is asked a similar question, and the rating scales are detailed to enhance the quantification of the subjective data. Professionalism is highly emphasized through training the executives interviewing the managers. The interview panels in a structured interview provide checks and balances where more than one member from the executive conducts the interview. Structured interviews ensure objective assessment of the responses from the managers based on the rating scale scores (Chiba, 2010). The process of structured interview involves three main stages. The executive members perform different roles during the interview process. Firstly, before beginning any interview, determination of the scope of the interview is crucial. The number of managers in the appointment process is discussed. Review of the crucial documents forming the basis of the interview like the job description and competency profile enhances

Marketing Analysis of Porsche Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Marketing Analysis of Porsche - Case Study Example The traditional Porsche customer typically consists of a small group of financially successful and high achievers in their field of work. They see themselves apart from the real world, which inspires people to different levels (Kotler and Armstrong, 2012, pg 186). They are also achievers and is conscious of their status. The buyer of a Cayenne or a Panamera, on the other hand, is one that has moved into a new life stage that needs to haul more people and stuff but still maintains its exclusivity and still fit the achiever profile of a regular Porsche buyer. They are the same successful people who may have settled down to have a family and thus wanted to have a bigger car for their family without losing their sense of exclusivity. In the case of emerging market such as China, the Cayenne and Panamera customers consider the car to be stylish but who may also enable to make a quick getaway if necessary. The concept from the chapter that explains why Porsche sold so many lower-priced models in the 1970s and 1980s is the concept of creating and capturing customer value. Its management thought that there were not enough buyers to keep the company afloat and begun to worry about the quirky nature of their traditional customs. So they created the entry-level Porsche 914 and 944 as lower-priced models. This strategy was an attempt to create more customers by offering value to them as explained in part 1 of the book. The management thought that by offering more value to the lower segment of the market, they would expand their customer base through scale and thus, keep the company afloat.Experience, however, has shown that this strategy backfired because it undermines the exclusivity appeal of the Porsche brand.Porsche’s brand appeal lies in its exclusivity.   This however elicited a positive and negative attitude toward the brand by its customers.  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Debt Cancellation and its impact on poverty in developing countries PowerPoint Presentation

Debt Cancellation and its impact on poverty in developing countries - PowerPoint Presentation Example The paper tells that debt relief or debt cancellation is partial or full forgiveness of debt from developed countries to developing or poorest countries. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development noted that debt service payments in hard currency in fact scarce domestic resources from major important investments such as in health and education and thus cause poverty as well. Debt relief is thus an integral part of the efforts taken by international community to reduce poverty worldwide. In 1996, World Bank and International Monetary Fund took initiative for Debt Relief whereby Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) will get faster, deeper and broader debt relief. This agreement was designed with a view to make these countries introduce measures to reduce poverty in these countries. By 2005, The Multilateral Debt Relief initiative was agreed to provide 100 percent cancellation of IMF, World Bank, African Development Bank and Inter American Development Bank for all those co untries that have completed HIPC initiative. The HIPC initiative has been aiming to provide debt relief to 40 most poorest countries, with a condition that all these countries must have high level of poverty and unmanageable levels of debt. In order for a country to be eligible for debt relief, it is required to demonstrate World Bank and IMF that it has plans to reduce poverty in the country. The HIP countries later have shown sincere commitment to put sound macroeconomic policies with a view to reduce poverty. ... 269). The HIP countries later have shown sincere commitment to put sound macroeconomic policies with a view to reduce poverty (IMF and World Bank, 2001). The main purpose of HIPC initiative and debt relief was poverty reduction, and this has been found to be highly effective for many countries. The debt relief or debt cancellation to poorest countries has been found to be an effective way to improve health and education in the country and thus to reduce poverty. Figure given below illustrates that spending on education and health as improved due to the HIPC debt relief. Lala, Ranganathan and Libresco (2006, p. 6) observed that debt relief was becoming an ongoing mechanism for resource transfer so that the country can free up resources for poverty reduction purposes. It is generally agreed that debt relief to poorest countries has caused improvements in health and education spending due to resources transfer and as a result poverty has been reduced in the poorest countries. But, it is also argued that it may not be the same in the case of developing countries. Cancellation of Developing Countries’ debt and poverty problem It is argued that debt relief or debt cancellation owed by developing countries may result to reduce poverty since these countries will be able to adopt domestic policies and strengthen institutions to take advantages of global markets, which in turn help them increase the share of trade in their GDP. As these countries gain debt relief, they can participate in globalization by exporting to or importing from other countries and thus to be able to maintain favorable balance of payments. These countries also would

Analysis paper 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Analysis paper 2 - Essay Example The key focus areas are in the textile and clothing industries, in the entertainment field, in factory farms, and in scientific laboratories. Among the causes that it is active in include abuse of domesticated animals, cruelty in the annihilation of animals that are deemed as pests but serve a useful role in various ecologies, and other related animal issues. Its means of advocacy include campaigns of protest, legislative lobbying, investigations of cruel acts against animals, education of the general public, the rescue operations involving animals in distress, the invitation of celebrities to take part in campaigns, the holding of events that are of special significance to the movement, and research initiatives (PETA). The literature defines various language-based tactics and strategies in common use by social movements around the world, and the objective of this paper is to identify PETA’s tactics and strategies and classify them according to the categories presented in the text, by way of undertaking an analysis of the use of those tactics and strategies as they relate to PETA’s campaigns and advocacies. To wit, the different strategies and techniques of persuasion presented in the text are acts that are symbolic and not verbal; the use of new technological platforms such as the Internet and social media; obscenity; labeling; ridicule; the use of music; the use of slogans; identification; polarization; and the employ of the power language or rhetoric. Through PETA’s long history, it is reasonable to assume that the movement must have employed all of the tactics and strategies listed above in some form or other in its campaigns and programs. The goal is to be able to look at the more current literature to identify exactly what tactics and strategies are relevant to PETA’s campaigns (Stewart, Smith and Denton 167-168; PETA; Tolhurst; Saul; Burns). In a most recent protest, PETA was reported to have laid

The Religious and Social Perspective on Living Aspects of Humankind Research Paper

The Religious and Social Perspective on Living Aspects of Humankind - Research Paper Example Lewis uses politics in the first letter to replace reason, and show the prevalence of propaganda in the current society (Lewis 8). The year 1941 has been used as a case that depicts actual propaganda, affecting religion and world politics. Screwtape’s letter stands as one of the most non-religious societies where the evils of both worlds and entities are considered outdated and logical minds do not consider them in their lifestyles. Referring to the Bible, Lewis claims that we used to encounter evils and temptations from Satan and his followers as a daily strive. The patient in the first and second Screwtape’s letters has been converted from a Christian to believing the assumptions and thoughts presented in the letters. Lewis mentions to Wormwood that they must keep on working on his mind. Propaganda is further instilled in the fifth and seventh letters with reference made to war and the condition of the human mind. The patient’s engagement is used to corrupt his thinking and adopt their culture. Implying that the World wars are still occurring, Lewis makes note of the spiritual and physical aspects of the human body. The spiritual conflict had been in our lifestyles, starting from when Christians were converted. Lewis uses full propaganda words to replace reason and explain the tribulations of the last days. The tribulations have been manipulated to overshadow the logic of Christianity and the sanity of today’s world politics (Lewis 11). According to Lewis, humankind undergoes continuous suffering phases in our lives for no apparent reason (Lewis 17).

Analysis paper 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Analysis paper 2 - Essay Example The key focus areas are in the textile and clothing industries, in the entertainment field, in factory farms, and in scientific laboratories. Among the causes that it is active in include abuse of domesticated animals, cruelty in the annihilation of animals that are deemed as pests but serve a useful role in various ecologies, and other related animal issues. Its means of advocacy include campaigns of protest, legislative lobbying, investigations of cruel acts against animals, education of the general public, the rescue operations involving animals in distress, the invitation of celebrities to take part in campaigns, the holding of events that are of special significance to the movement, and research initiatives (PETA). The literature defines various language-based tactics and strategies in common use by social movements around the world, and the objective of this paper is to identify PETA’s tactics and strategies and classify them according to the categories presented in the text, by way of undertaking an analysis of the use of those tactics and strategies as they relate to PETA’s campaigns and advocacies. To wit, the different strategies and techniques of persuasion presented in the text are acts that are symbolic and not verbal; the use of new technological platforms such as the Internet and social media; obscenity; labeling; ridicule; the use of music; the use of slogans; identification; polarization; and the employ of the power language or rhetoric. Through PETA’s long history, it is reasonable to assume that the movement must have employed all of the tactics and strategies listed above in some form or other in its campaigns and programs. The goal is to be able to look at the more current literature to identify exactly what tactics and strategies are relevant to PETA’s campaigns (Stewart, Smith and Denton 167-168; PETA; Tolhurst; Saul; Burns). In a most recent protest, PETA was reported to have laid

UAE Women leaders and Professional career development Research Proposal

UAE Women leaders and Professional career development - Research Proposal Example Hence; they will be having a real tool to develop themselves and they might achieve a successful career progression to reach a higher position in the existing workforce. The Inductive approach will be used in this research which is part of the Subjectivism research approach as the investigations will depend on building theory through small sample of people perceptions regarding the situation that will be discussed to understand the reality of the study and to get their feelings about what is going on in order to identify better the nature of the problem and analysing those data. The results will give some solutions for the study along with evidences that will provide a clear picture for the target people to accomplish their goals. The research design that is selected for the study is an exploratory research design, in order to understanding the things deeply. As explained by Zechmeister et al., (1997) survey research represents a general approach to be used when the research design is implemented. Survey research is the method of gathering data from respondents thought to be representative of some population using an instrument composed of close structure or open-ended items (questions). It is one of the most dominant forms of data collection in the social sciences providing for efficient collection of data over broad populations, amenable to self-administration, administration in person, by telephone, via mail and over the internet. The primary data is to be collected by conducting field research that involves face to face interviews, surveys, questionnaires and focused group interviews. Primary research involves the usage of primary data for the collection of data. Primary data are that information that is collected for the first time. The primary research will be especially useful since it will provide a guideline to the most current data available on this topic from UAE National women who are about to reach either supervisory or managerial positions and also from female who are about to enter the workforce. This will help to give an idea about what challenges they face and how they feel they will compare themselves with foreigners in the workplace. There are many advantages that have been identified in the use of the survey method. According to Babbie (2001), these advantages include: 1. One can collect a large amount of adapt in a fairly short time. 2. Surveys are easier and less expensive than other forms of data collection. 3. Questionnaire can be used to research almost any aspect of human perceptions regarding the variables under study. 4. They can be easily used on field settings. The secondary research method will include gathering data on the subject from different newspapers, magazines, online articles, press releases, academic journals, textbooks and other library books. Combining the knowledge gained from all these sources and both research methods will provide a lot of detail about the topic that can be used to develop suitable conclusions and

Globalization and Industrialized Countries Essay Example for Free

Globalization and Industrialized Countries Essay As globalization ‘can be seen as being a condition resulting from a long history of international exploration, invasion and colonization, fuelled by economic, military, religious and political interests, and enabled through enormous developments in transport and communications technologies’ (Evans 1997:12). The industrialized environment has transformed drastically since the advent of globalization. Industrialized countries have undertaken extreme restructuring by modifying their means of communication and synchronization of work activities. Globalization has made it promise for companies to work on a real-time basis, whereby products and services are conveyed to the right place at the right time. Since then, globalization and information technology has propagated and has undergone significant improvements. Costs have sustained to decline as these new technologies have emerged. A business not supported by a network of computer systems (primary information technology) is more or less destined to fail, since it will be incapable to compete efficiently in todays complex and dynamic environment (Aiki S. 1991). Companies are not the only ones who have gained from advances in modern information technology. Consumers and interest groups have created strategic alliances and now capable to coordinate their activities as well as exchange ideas and thoughts through a number of database and network systems (Collins J. C. , and J. I. Porras. 1991). For instance, owners of personal computers can subscribe to a computer network and without difficulty retrieve information on the products and corporations on line. Such information can also without problems be transmitted to other users. This huge use of technology by both consumers and companies affects, but the way business is run today. These consumer strategic alliances know no geographical limitations; oftentimes, they are global in nature, particularly among the industrialized nations. As companies can get in enormous profits from the better coordination, greater product elasticity, improved quality, leaner production, and more time-based competitiveness that information technology offers, they also facades the threat that can come from these consumers strategic alliances. For instance, corporations can no longer ignore consumer demands for constant product quality, reliability and respect for the environment, or timely delivery of services. As we move toward more and more advanced technologies, the labor force must be retrained. This training must not only expose workers to the technical matters adjoining the new process but also to the new focus of the organization. They have to be made responsive of the importance of advanced technology in improving work methods and in remaining competitive. Employee compulsion to the new process is imperative. Globalization by itself adds little or no value to an organization. There should be organizational as well as employee dedication to exploit the technology to the maximum (Scott, A. 1996). For instance, with ever-increasing use of computer-integrated manufacturing systems, and the stream of technical documentation that accompanies it, employees have to be skilled of recognizing the critical information at the right time. Once that information is recognized and properly interpreted, there must be an organizational dedication to use the information to make better decisions. Without this potential, the organization cannot take advantage from new technologies. Human resources’ management, therefore, will persist to be a critical factor in the survival of any organization (Schlossberg H. 1992). We sum up the influence of globalization on human resources as follows: †¢ Information technology transforms the mode of communication and work processes. †¢ Custom or standardized operations are replaced with skilled and multi-skilled workers. An extremely trained labor force is desired to manage information technology. †¢ Worker motivation and satisfaction might improve since workers are no longer restricted to routine operations, enjoy management powers, and can contribute to developments in their work processes. (Waters, M. 1995) Globalization also has an impact on the organization itself, as follows: †¢ Organizational reformation is required. This reformation makes the organization flat. Decision-making powers are decentralized. †¢ Communications are better and the organization is capable to make timely responses to its environment. †¢ Introduction of new products and services is improved and varieties of products can be efficiently introduced and marketed by the organization. †¢ The organization is competent to improve its efficiency, quality, and competitiveness. (Scott, A. 1997) Todays advanced technology can, conversely, easily become a basic technology. A rapid increase of new technologies also brings rapid obsolescence of earlier technologies. Policies concerning technology must not be static; they must keep evolving. Stalk (1988) points out that competitive advantage is a persistently moving target . . . The best competitors, the most thriving ones, know how to keep moving and always stay on the cutting edge. Competitiveness A company should be able to evaluate potential new technologies quickly. The goal must be to remain competitive, and effective management of technology is a vital step in achieving this. With an increased focus on customer satisfaction, technology is a decisive means for achieving customer satisfaction. Browning (1990) notes that a learning organization uses technology incessantly to refresh its knowledge of its customers’ wants and to work out new ways of satisfying them. This commitment to be a learning organization needs vast resources, however. For example, Browning also points out that building a learning organization necessitates new skills, clever people and capable machines. Noticeably, technology and human resources should be used together for the organization to stay competitive (Cunningham, S. and Jacka, E. 1996). Barabba and Zaltman (1991) note that hearing the accent of the market and making constructive use of it with respect to the voice of the firm is a learning progression. Essentially, the voice of the market has to be interpreted into facts and tasks that will lead to suitable products or services to satisfy customer needs. This is related to the application of quality function deployment, whereby the organization expands its strategic plans to assure customer needs. Thus, a learning organization should also be a caring organization. As a caring organization, its major objective is to please its stock or stakeholders, its customers, and employees, and also to be collectively responsible. The traditional organization, with the focus on satisfying stockholders alone, is varying to this new form, with a sophisticated stakeholder group (Petrella, R. 1999). Thus, globalization and human resources’ management are recognized as key variables that facilitate an organization to improve its productivity, quality, and competitiveness. A critical constituent is the information technology, which offers both opportunities and challenges. The organization should show understanding to its environment via its policies, and be learning and caring organization, as time and reliability influence competitiveness. Finally, organizations should innovate and constantly move to achieve new targets, particularly in view of todays rapidly developing new technologies (Shields, R. 1997).

History and Application of Translation

History and Application of Translation   L. Saunders 1. History of translation Language is the most important process in people s lives either if its written, spoken or non-verbal. People would not be able to socialize or interact without language. Across the centuries just as people built bridges to link cities,people used language interpreters and translators in order to built bridges between other cultures. What exactly translation is? Sonia Colina claims that Translation may refer to an activity or a product and the field that studies both activity and product. Translation is the process of transferring the meaning of written texts of one language to another language. There is a lot of confusion between translators and interpreters, but the two terms are very different in many ways. Translators take a written text in one language: e-mail, articles, newspapers, books or academic papers and translate it into another language by writing it down on the paper. It implies time and study of the texts while the interpreters work together with other people either virtually or directly or over the phone, internet or public meetings. The great differences between translators and interpreters is that a translation can take days, weeks or even months depending on the length of the text while interpreting is a process carried out in real time. It is very difficult and very challenging for interpreters to do their job because they must be very fast in both languages and precise, they have no time to consult the dictionary, a colleague. Interpreters have great responsibility especially when they interpret in a political context, one mistranslated word can issue great political wars. Translators on the other hand are more relaxed being able to stay in their own environment, have breaks, and use their dictionaries or grammar books. I explained therefore the difference between translation and interpretation, but I wonder is Translation a process which appeared in the current century or it had existed in the past as well? The process of translating or decoding started centuries ago Along the history we notice that trades were made through people who were able to speak their one language but also another language.The Bible which was crucial in the 8th century managed to be translated by some of the most well-known people: Martin Luther,St.Jerome William Tyndale etc. People who did not have access to education could not understand the religious services spoken in Latin. Therefore Translation was necessary in order for ordinary people to understand the holy service and to have a more personal knowledge and approach towards God. With the spread of Christianity, translation started to gain another role which was the spreading of Gods word. The Bible of the chosen people was originally written in Hebrew.When the Persian empire dominated the Eastern Mediteranean basin, Aramaic became the official language of the area and for religious reasons it was necessary for the Jewish to have the Torah OR Pentateuch (the first 5 books of the Bible) translated into the common language from traditional Hebrew.The result was Targums which survived after the original Hebrew scrolls had been lost. By the mid of the 3rd century a.d. Greek was the dominant language and Jewish scholars started to translate the Hebrew religious text into that language.Septuagint became the Greek version of the Jewish Bible. The zeal of Christianity needed more translators of both the Old and New Testament into:Coptic, Ethiopian,Gothic and Latin. Early translators St. Jerome In 382 the pope, Damasus, commissionsJerome to provide a definitive Latin version. In his monastery at Bethlehem, tended by aristocratic virgins, the saint produces the Vulgate. This eventually becomes established as the Bible of the whole western church until the Reformation. By the time the Vulgate is complete (in about 405), the barbarian Goths also have their own version of parts of the Bible thanks to the astonishing missionary effort of Ulfilas. William Tyndalale William Tyndale has been called the apostle of England and one of the finest man who ever lived.He was a man loved by those who loved God but hated and haunted by Rome because he was the first who would translate the Bible from Greek into English. He was ultimately betrayed by a trustee friend and imprisoned for a time before being strangled and burnt to the stake in a place called Vilvoorde. From the time of Pope Innocent, it had been declared by Rome that As by the old law the beast touching the holy mount was to be stoned by death so simple and uneducated man were not to touch the Bible or venture to preach its doctrines(Schaff,History of the Christian Church VI,p723) In Tyndales time,England was still a Catholic country and priests were communicated the mass in Latin,a language which could not be understood by ordinary and uneducated people, that is why Tyndale who knew Latin wanted to learn Greek therefore he studied Greek under Erasmus another great translator who offered a translation of the new Testament. Tyndale dared to stand upp against the cardinal because he considered that his attitude towards people was ignorant and selfish, people were poor and disorientated because they could not understand but what they were told to do while he was wearing the golden rings emphasizing his pride and ego. William Tyndale was convicted that: it was impossible to establish the laye people in any truthà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦except the scriptures were plainly layde before their eyes in their mother tongue(William Tyndale) Ulfilas and his alphabet: AD c.360 Ulfilas is the first man known to have undertaken an extraordinarily difficult intellectual task writing down, from scratch, a language which is as yet purely oral. He even devises a new alphabet to capture accurately the sounds of spoken Gothic, using a total of twenty-seven letters adapted from examples in the Greek and Roman alphabets. Gods work is Ulfilas purpose. He needs the alphabet for his translation of the Bible from Greek into the language of the Goths. It is not known how much he completes, but large sections of the Gospels and the Epistles survive in his version dating from several years beforeJeromebegins work on his Latin text. A restricted Bible: 8th 14th century AD The intention of St Jerome, translating into Latin the Hebrew of the Old Testament and the Greek of the New Testament, was that ordinary Christians of the Roman empire should be able to read the word of God. Ignorance of the scriptures, he wrote, is ignorance of Christ. Gradually this perception is altered. After the collapse of the western empire, the people of Christian Europe speak varieties of German, French, Anglo-Saxon, Italian or Spanish. The text of Jeromes Vulgate is understood only by the learned, most of whom are priests. They prefer to corner the source of Christian truth, keeping for themselves the privilege of interpreting it for the people. Translation into vulgar tongues is discouraged. There are exceptions. In the late 8th centuryCharlemagnecommissions translation of parts of the Bible for the use of his missionaries in the drive to convert pagan Germans. In the 9th century the Greek brothersCyril and Methodius, sent from Constantinople to Moravia at royal request, translate the Gospels and parts of the Old Testament into Slavonic. These are missionary endeavours, promoted by rulers as an act of government when pagan Europe is being brought into the Christian fold. In the later fully Christian centuries there is no equivalent need to provide the holy texts in vernacular form. Any such impulse is now a radical demand on behalf of ordinary Christians against the church hierarchy. The strongest medieval demand for vernacular texts comes in France from a heretical sect, the Cathars. The suppression of the Cathars is complete by the mid-13th century. But in the following century the same demand surfaces within mainstream western Christianity. John Wycliffeand his followers produce full English versions of the Old and New Testament in the late 14th century. At the same period the Czechs have their own vernacular Bible, subsequently much improved by John Huss. These translations are part of the radical impulse for reform within the church. Indeed the issue of vernacular Bibles becomes one of the contentious themes of theReformation. A complaint by an English contemporary of Wycliffe, the chronicler Henry Knighton, is a measure of how far the church of Rome has swung on this issue since Jeromes campaign against ignorance of scripture. Knighton rejects translation of the Bible on the grounds that by this means the jewel of the church is turned into the common sport of the people. 2. Types of Translation Roman Jakobson describes three types of translation:Intralingual (or rewording an interpretation of verbal signs by means of other signs in the same language), interlingual (or translation proper an interpretation of verbal signs by means of some other language) and inter-semiotic translation or transmutation-an interpretation of verbal signs by means of signs of nonverbal sign systems) Jakobson points out how difficult it is to achieve complete equivalence because of the complexity of the codes involved. Even in intralingual translation we have to make use of combination of code units to interpret meaning. So even synonyms cannot guarantee full equivalence. This becomes complicated when the SL and TL are different. In addition to the difference between two language systems, cultural differences also pose huge barriers to translation activity. Eugene Nida says: Since no two languages are identical, either in the meanings given to corresponding symbols or in the ways in which such symbols are arranged in phrases and sentences, it stands to reason that there can be no absolute correspondence between languages.

Husband vs Wife Essay -- Family Marriage Gender Roles Essays

Husband vs Wife Since the traditional conceptions of masculinity and femininity define man as instrumental and woman as expressive, then it follows that men and women can function in their traditional roles only in conjuction with each other. Each requires the other in order to perform at their peak in the world. A man is incomplete without nurturing and tenderness and when he cannot find these qualities within himself he becomes dependent on the woman in his life to provide them. A woman cannot function well without the self-assertiveness and leadership that she, if traditionally feminine could not develop within herself. For these qualities she becomes dependent on a man. Neither can stand alone and this relationship is formalized within the institution of marriage. Once the relationship is established, tasks and behaviors are assigned along sex-oriented lines. The woman becomes the wife and mother with certain tasks and the man accordingly becomes the husband and father with his own set of prescribed tasks and behaviors. In this relationship, powers are divided rather than shared. The man is allocated the power to make important decisions, achieve status, and material goods. On the other hand, assumes the power to feel, nurture, serve and manage domestic and interpersonal life of the home. Women thus gain power in private in exchange for submission in public. This is the traditional bargain struck between the two sexes. With the acceptance of the role of wife almost all women, especially role-oriented women, accept as well as the role of housewife. The deprecatory phrase ?I?m just a housewife? typifies the low esteem in which this position is held in our society. The housewife?s responsibilities fall under at least twelve occupational titles: nursemaid, housekeeper, seamstress, dietician, cook, dishwasher, laundress, food buyer, chauffer, gardener, practical nurse, and maintenance worker. However, she receives no pay and has to ask her husband for money for basically everything. It is remarkable that most women still rush to fill such a position. The traditional housewife?s main task is putting the interests of her husband and her children first. Her central mission in life is to care for her husband and children, and finds her major satisfaction in her family. In addition, for the traditional wife individual achievement is proscribed tho... ...ir own well being are disdained as ?woman?s work? ? the chores of the inferior sex. Undertaking the responsibilities of the housewife for many men is again an admission of failure, a sign announcing inadequacy in doing men?s work, which, if successful and profitable, would no doubt keep them to busy for insignificant tasks. Men do, however, develop traits often not found in women. In their competitive world men enhance their own logic and rationality and they learn top deal with problems, not people, as they inch their way up the latter of status and prestige external supports in this world are strong and rewards are tangible. They seldom have to wonder if their labor is or is not noticed, appreciated, or of value. At the same time as men?s energies are engaged in this competitiveness they tend top lose touch with their own emotions of with those of others. They are not interested in vital interpersonal communication when they return home after a day?s work. Overworked and preocc upied they desire only relief from those they have left at the office. Very much in need of emotional support they still regard the interpersonal facet and life as secondary to the major business.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Exploration Of Social Issues In Once Upon A Time :: essays research papers fc

Once Upon a Social Issue Fairy tales have always been told to us as children; whether to comfort or entertain us, they always seem to be a part of most everyone’s childhood. When Nadine Gordimer was asked to write a children’s story, she replied with a short story titled â€Å"Once Upon A Time†. Although the title is characteristic of a fairy tale, she leads the tale to an ending that is anything other than â€Å"†¦happily ever after.† Gordimer distorts the fairy tale by dealing with certain issues rather than giving the reader the usual fairy tale characteristics. Three of the more significant issues Gordimer likes to deal with in her story are racial discrimination and prejudice, society’s insecurities, and the persuasive way fairy tales have with children.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Gordimer’s â€Å"Once Upon A Time† has the feeling of insecurity right away. In the first part of her story, Gordimer reminds us of our own insecurities. She brings up a familiar situation in which one is awakened by a bump in the night and cannot go back to sleep because of fear or their own insecurities. Gordimer writes, â€Å"I have no burglar bars, no gun under the pillow, but I have the same fears as people who do take these precautions...† So, to better convey this issue of society’s insecurities, she tells herself a bedtime story. In the story, there is a family who is living â€Å"†¦happily ever after†, yet is seems it is all that they can do to keep it that way. Rather than putting their insecurities aside and getting on with their lives, they feel that they must put their trust in security devices to protect their selves. For a short while, the family has a sense of security by posting a plaque stating â€Å"†™YOU HAVE BEEN WARNED† over the silhouette of a prospective intruder. After a short time the family’s psychological need for more security calls for a number of new security devices in order to sustain the top level of security. It is in the family’s pursuit of this â€Å"security† that they virtually imprison themselves. After the installation of burglar bars, Gordimer describes the view â€Å"from every window and door in the house where they were living happily ever after they now saw the trees and sky through bars.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of the less obvious issues lining â€Å"Once Upon A Time† is racial discrimination. Gordimer first suggestion that this suburb may be slightly racist is by stating that the plaque on their gate warning possible intruders didn’t designate black or white, therefore protesting too much the owner of the home not to be a racist.

Logic and Logically Consistent Manner

1. What is logic? Is it beneficial for you to think in a logically consistent manner? â€Å"The inherent ability to mentally compare and weigh two or more perceptions and to mentally conclude accurately what is the differences and/or similarities between each perception. † â€Å"Logic is the science or art of exact reasoning, or of pure and formal thoughts, or of the laws according to which the processes of pure thinking should be conducted and formation and application of general notion. † Logic is the study of information encoded in the form of logical sentences. 2.What if†¦ if the basic laws of logic such as below is not available to us? a. ) Law of Identity: A is A b. ) Law of excluded middle: A or not A c. ) Law of non-contradiction: A and not A both doesn’t follow. 3. Why symbols are important in the domain of mathematics and in the growth of scientific knowledge? Symbols, in the most fundamental sense of the word, can refer to anything which stands fo r something else (the signified). There could be a natural relation which immediately suggests the relation between a sign and signified or the relation could be arbitrary and chosen through some convention such as words in a language.Process of symbolization: It is the replacement of something by a symbol for example; one can replace ‘Mass’ by ‘m’, a number by ‘n’. In almost all cases such replacement or naming is conventional and arbitrary. The process of symbolization should not and does not modify or distort that which it stands for. 4. Is communication effective without the logical connectives such as or, and, implies, not, if and only if? 5. Why we treat mathematical truth as certain? Why logic emphasizes on â€Å"tautologies† rather than contradictions?Logic is non-contingent, in the sense that they do not depend on any particular accidental features of the world. Physics and the other empirical sciences investigate the way the wo rld actually is. That no signal can travel faster than the speed of light is depends upon the law of physics. If the laws were different, perhaps this would not have been true. While the principles of logic are derived using reasoning only and their validity does not depends on any contingent features of the world.

Data Mining Essay

What is meant by the term â€Å"lift†? The term â€Å"lift† describes the improved performance of an exact or specific amount of effort on a modeled sampling, as opposed to a random sampling (Spang, 2010). In other words, if you are able to market via a model to say, a given number of random customers (e.g. 1000), and we expect that 50 of them would be successful, then a model that can generate 75 successes would have a 50 percent lift. â€Å"Lift† is possibly the most commonly metric used to measure targeting model performance in marketing applications – the purpose of which, is to identify a subgroup or target from a larger population (Coppock, 2002 and Spang, 2010). The subgroup targeted or target members selected are those who are most likely to respond positively to a marketing offer. As such, the model is doing well if as predicted – the response within the targeted section is much better than average when compared to the population as a whole. Lift then, is simply the ratio of these values: target response divided by average response (Coppock, 2002). â€Å"Lift Charts† and â€Å"Lift Curves† are terms often seen in direct marketing. To quickly define them here – a lift curve is a popular technique which assigns a â€Å"probability of responding† score when used in an attempt to determine who the likely responders from a population are. â€Å"The lift curve helps us determine how effectively we can â€Å"skim the cream† by selecting a relatively small number of cases and getting a relatively large portion of the responders† (Keating, 2013). A lift chart or a â€Å"Gains Chart† is a convenient summary of all the cumulative lift curves whereby all the information in these multiple classification matrices are turned into a graph (Keating, 2013 and Coppock, 2002). What is Customer Relationship Management (CRM)? â€Å"There is only one boss. The customer. And he can fire everybody in the company from the chairman on down, simply by spending his money somewhere else.† – Sam Walton (Founder of Wal-Mart) Customer Relationship Management or CRM is a â€Å"company-wide business strategy† which is generally designed with the intent to â€Å"reduce costs and increase profitability by solidifying customer satisfaction, loyalty and advocacy† (CRM Magazine, 2010). While once, it was regarded of as a type of software, today, CRM has evolved into a â€Å"customer-centric philosophy that must permeate an entire organization† (CRM Magazine, 2010).   In other words, it is not a new concept but as the quote above by Sam Walton suggests – an extremely important one that can and should be instinctively employed to all businesses to ensure returning and new clientele. We may perhaps think of CRM in its most basic, common and best known form as â€Å"customer services† or simply, methodology employed to create happy customers. A true and effective CRM program revolves around three key elements – people, processes and technology (CRM Magazine, 2010). Targets within these elements that should be especially considered are individual applications, a data infrastructure to support them, and organizational changes to take full advantage of the technical upgrades (Goodhue et. al., 2002). Moreover, the CRM program should be bringing in information from all relevant data sources both within, and outside the organization when applicable. In doing so, a company is able to gain a â€Å"holistic view of each customer in real time† (CRM Magazine, 2010), thus allowing staff dealing directly with customers, for example, in the realms of customer support, sales and marketing – the ability to make informed yet quick decisions on everything from cross-selling and upselling to target marketing strategies and competitive positioning tactics (Info Entrepreneurs, 2013 and CRM Magazine, 2010). A working example of how CRM could be achieved may be through: discovering the purchasing habits, opinions, needs and preferences of one’s customers; then profiling the individuals and groups researched so marketing can be executed more effectively, thus increasing sales. Finally, by combining this information found with good customer services and satisfaction – customer relationships which are the heart of business success, can be appropriately and effectively fostered, then maintained and ultimately managed for efficiency and profitability. While there are many technical and technological components to CRM, thinking about CRM as primarily a strategy to learn about the needs and behaviors of customers in an effort to create, develop and strengthen relationships with them may prove to be more helpful overall and in the long term. Additionally, it should be thought of as a process bringing together information concerning customers, sales, marketing effectiveness, responsiveness and marketing trends (Goodhue et. al., 2002 and Writing, 2013). Finally, for CRM to be truly effective, everyone in the organization from the CEO to the frontline staff and those behind the scenes need to get on board, involved and invested in the company`s program (Info Entrepreneurs, 2013; CRM Magazine, 2010; Writing, 2013 and Goodhue et. al., 2002). What are its benefits? Provide examples of potential benefits. To reiterate the above – benefiting from CRM is â€Å"not just a question of buying the right software. You must also adapt your business to the needs of your customers† (Info Entrepreneurs, 2013).   Having said that, after investing the time and expense in implementing a good CRM solution, there are many potential benefits, some being extremely significant and having a major impact on the establishment in question: −Development of better relationship with existing customers due to understanding and therefore addressing their specific requirements. −Increased sales and revenue through better timing gained via anticipating the customers’ needs based on historic trends. −Cross-selling of other products by leveraging the customer relationship. −Ability to identify the most profitable clientele. −Improved profitability through focusing on most profitable clients while dealing with less profitable clients in a more cost effective manner. −Better overall marketing of products or services. −More effective target marketing communications aimed specifically at customer needs. −An improved, more personal approach which can help win additional business in the future. −The development of new and / or improved products and services through better client feedback, complaints, comments and suggestions. −Reducing cost of sales and cost of new customer acquisition and generation by concentrating on customer retention, thus improving organization reputation and word-of-mouth recommendations. (Writing, 2013; Info Entrepreneurs, 2013 and Goodhue et. al., 2002). With respect to CRM systems, what does it mean if the system is â€Å"scalable†? A â€Å"scalable† system according to the Business Dictionary, is one whose â€Å"size, performance or number of users can be increased on demand without a penalty in cost or functionality†.   A secondary definition details that such a system is well designed enough to handle â€Å"proportionally very small to very large usage and service levels almost instantly, and with no significant drop in cost effectiveness, functionality, performance or reliability.† It goes on to add that scalable systems may generally utilize technologies such as automatic load balancing, clustering and parallel processing as a means to achieve the points listed above (Business Dictionary, 2013). With respect to CRM systems (and even data mining systems), both definitions apply with equal precision and aptness to scalability because scalability deals with not only the increasing size of data sets, but also how to process them within a useful timeframe. We can go so far as to concur that the issue of scalability in systems such as CRM are similar for performance scaling issues for Data Management in general (Piatetsky-Shapiro and Parker via Massa-Lochridge et. al., 2013). Ultimately, the scalable system is in the business of efficiency of analysis – and being able to do so with very large data sets (Olson and Shi, 2005). A system which is scalable is one which can aid in overall performance in the organization. In fact, scaling and performance are often considered together in both data mining and CRM systems (Massa-Lochridge et. al., 2013). To further emphasize and prove these points, we can look towards real life examples such as the Onyx checklist for scalability which sets the criteria as a customer management system deployed across the company that is able to support staff without any degradation in performance. Furthermore, the system must also be able to support thousands of users with sub-second response times. For it to be truly scalable, it needs to be a flexible CRM solution – preferably one which adheres to an industry standard architecture which can leverage existing infrastructure. This, coupled with efficiency and easiness of upgrading, will help to keep the total cost of ownership low now, and into the future (Onyx, 2013). Compare and contrast affinity positioning and cross-selling (minimum 500 words). Provide real life examples and personal experiences to substantiate this analysis. Affinity positioning is a marketing tactic that is defined exactly as its component words suggest – the practice of positioning or placing products that have a natural or inherent attraction or connection with each other, together. For example, a retail store may arrange their shop layout in such a way that there is a deliberate, close placement of complementary products on the shelves (Olson and Shi, 2005). Consider also, this potential real life situation where a retailer may have identified through perhaps, a Market Basket Analysis that customers who tend to buy cold medicine also have been observed to purchase tissues. Similarly, the buying of coffee makers may be strongly correlated with the purchase of ground coffee. It therefore makes sense from a marketing and profitability perspective to place both these items in each set, in close proximity to each other. Cross-selling is a related and resulting concept. Where there is knowledge of products that go together, one is able to use this information to create cross-selling opportunities through marketing the complementary product (Olson and Shi, 2005; Microstrategy, 2013; and Tsai, 2010). Apart from positioning products on shelves like a grocery store might do, retail stores for example, can be seen to rely upon advertising to create this connection within the purchaser`s mind.   A buyer of suits for instance, may notice the sale of shirts and ties from posters and advertising stands on shop windows and outside the door, respectively. In terms of technology, we may observe computer stores selling laptops while encouraging customers to purchase accessories or peripherals like casings, screen protectors and external hard drives concurrently. While both strategies have always been applied by the clever retailer, today data collection (e.g. generated from cash register data) and automated data mining tools provide them with a yet unmatched ability to even identify the less expected and less obvious product affinities and cross-selling possibilities. Sellers are now able to use current technology to look at customers’ purchase history and target marketing operations specifically to their individual and group needs and wants (Olson and Shi, 2005). A Customer Cross-Cell Analysis can be employed to identify customers who might be interested in purchasing complementary products and services to those which have already been bought previously (MicroStrategy, 2013). Indeed, sales and marketing managers have long relied on the cross-sell analysis to create more efficient marketing projects, thereby producing increased revenue with less resources through focused efforts. A customer cross-sell analysis typically begins with using data mining techniques and tools to determine which product pairs (product affinity) are frequently purchased by a significant number of customers. From here, an organization can then identify which customers bought one but not both products or services. By executing this second stage, we can now know who these customers are and hence target them specifically – thereby reducing total advertising campaign costs, increasing response rates and finally and most importantly, create increased sales (MicroStrategy, 2013; Olson and Shi, 2005; and Tsai, 2010). One point worth mentioning, is a separate but related concept to both affinity positioning and cross-selling, which is upselling (also often referred to as up-selling or up selling). This involves searching for opportunities to sell an improved, higher grade or generally more expensive â€Å"latest† product to the consumer. Going back to the example of the computer store, a staff member who tries to upsell to a new or returning customer may sing the praises of another, higher-end model of laptop which may have more features the client may find useful, thus hoping to create a more profitable sale. In my own, personal experience in a hospital setting – affinity positioning is seen for example, in the maternity ward where â€Å"New Mother† and â€Å"Baby Care Training† hospital sponsored classes or their adverts are held or displayed in an area close by, thus encouraging expecting women to come back to the hospital after delivery to take advantage of this value added service. In doing so, the hospital then creates a cross-selling opportunity by ensuring additional services such as pediatrician care for babies or postpartum care for mothers are clearly advertised via a targeted campaign. Finally, upselling is also seen in this ward via examples such as when staff offer mothers increased comfort and privacy with the option of upgrading shared rooms to private ones. Identify and discuss some potential ethical mishandling when it comes to cross-selling. Some of the more commonly known ethical issues to watch for in cross-selling, as well as in general marketing include but are not limited to: −Intentionally trying to sell sub-par goods or services to the client in a bid to create a sale, when aware of the quality deficiency. −Related to the above, is the deliberate misrepresentation of goods or services, in both cross-selling and otherwise. −Incessantly contacting existing or potential clients without consent in order to cross-sell products or services. −The refusal to respond to, acknowledge or correct customer complaints after a sale has taken place – be it cross-selling or initial sales. −An unclear privacy policy which may involve personal details being distributed or sold. −An unclear after sales policy which may involve the placement of deliberate loopholes for the sellers to have an advantage. Again, this point can be attributed to both regular sales and cross-selling issues. With regards to issues more specific to cross-selling, research has revealed that certain service sectors may be affected by ethical mishandlings and / or concerns more than others. In particular, it is revealed that situations regarding cross selling in hospitals; situations to do with plastic surgery; and cross-selling targeted towards the elderly, have all been widely discussed in recent years and may be cause for action. With respect to cross-selling in hospitals, an example which can be seen is that ethical issues often arise when medicine, equipment or medical product reps all too easily ignore or forget that they are supposed to have the hospital’s, doctor’s, medical staff’s and patient’s needs at heart – attempting to create sales based on the pharmaceutical companies’ incentives and profit margins instead. When this happens: It ignores the necessity of consultative selling, which involves proper questioning techniques. It fails to connect the customer on a value level. In essence, it’s not selling at all; it’s simply peddling! (Francis, 2008). The literature available also suggests that there have been events with respect to aesthetic plastic surgery which again raise the question of ethics mishandling and cross-selling. Concerns here include examples such as cross-selling and â€Å"bundling† cosmetic surgery and procedures as attractive package deals – whether they be necessary or not (Fatah, 2011), or the rise of incidences such as patients having undergone breast implant removals or replacements being â€Å"bullied† or pressured into buying additional surgery such as nipple lifts (mastopexy). In addition, these cross-selling strategies may be coupled with other marketing tactics such as time-limited offers from their clinics, resulting in anxiety and customers feeling the need to respond instead of taking time out to heal after surgery (BAAPS, 2012). Finally, in terms of targeting the elderly for cross-selling certain products and services which may be deemed unethical – one may wish to consider the â€Å"unethical and dishonest conduct† of promoting and selling expensive annuities to elderly customers, the market targeting done here because the elderly may be seen as â€Å"easy targets† (Litterick, 2005). There have been cases of banks which have been accused employing cross-selling practices such as referring existing, elderly customers who come in for separate bank services, to stockbrokers who in turn sold them variable annuities that are often considered unsuitable for older people because they can be â€Å"expensive and do not pay out quickly† (Litterick, 2005). This was often found to be due to the fact that service staff were receiving incentives for doing so. In response to such cases, Banner (2011), maintains that: â€Å"Improper cross-selling – cross-selling of products to earn a fee or a commission that does not truly benefit the client’s quality of life on a long-term basis – is wrong, unethical and immoral† (Banner, 2011). He does go on to ascertain however, that the cross-selling of a product or service which truly is suitable to them – meaning to say it can benefit and / or protect the client appropriately, is well worth considering (Banner, 2011). As a final note on the ethics of cross-selling, to avoid ethical dilemmas and mishandling, it is prudent to keep in mind often that the key to effective cross-selling can be boiled down to mutual benefit on the parts of both the selling and buying parties, and suitability, suitability, suitability! (Banner, 2011; Francis, 2008 and NRMLA, 2008). References BAAPS – The British Association of Aesthetic Plastic Surgeons (2012, February 10). Cross-selling to breast implant scandal victims ‘immoral’. The British Association of Aesthetic Plastic Surgeons. Retrieved February 26, 2013, from http://www.baaps.org.uk/about-us/press-releases/1136-cross-selling-to-breast-implant-scandal-victimes-immoral Banner, M. (2011, May). Originating: Living at Home Brings Peace of Mind. The Reverse Review. Retrieved from http://www.reversereview.com/magazine/3862-living-at-home-brings-peace-of-mind.html Business Dictionary (2013). What is scalable? Definition and meaning. In BusinessDictionary.com – Online Business Dictionary. Retrieved February 25, 2013, from http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/scalable.html Coppock, D. S. (2002, June 21). Why Lift? Information Management. Retrieved February 24, 2013, from http://www.information-management.com/news/5329-1.html CRM Magazine (2010, February 19). What Is CRM? – CRM Mag azine. destinationCRM.com – The leading resource for Customer Relationship Management – from the editors of CRM magazine. Retrieved February 24, 2013, from http://www.destinationcrm.com/Articles/CRM-News/Daily-News/What-Is-CRM-46033.aspx Fatah, F. (2011, May 5). BBC News – ‘A little lipo with your facial, madam?’. BBC – Homepage. Retrieved February 26, 2013, from http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-13228094 Francis, P. T. (2008). Cross-Selling Your Hospital’s Capabilities. Clinical Laboratory Sales Training with Peter Francis. Retrieved February 26, 2013, from http://www.clinlabsales.com/pdf/Cross-Selling-092508.pdf Goodhue, D. L., Wixom, B. H., & Watson, H. J. (2002). Realizing Business Benefits through CRM: Hitting the Target in the Right Way. MIS Quarterly Executive, 1(2), 79

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MACROECONOMICS - Essay Example has an affect upon the macro economics as it is the tool to attract more consumers towards the banking instruments, not only from the domestic investors but also from the foreign investors. At interest rates r0 and r1, investment levels in (a) will be i0 and i1. To produce equilibrium in the item for consumption market, level of income must be at y0 and y1 respectively. Therefore, interest rate income combines r0, y0 and r1, y1, which are the equilibrium points along the IS schedule, slopes downward towards right. With investment being responsive to alterations in the interest rates, the investment plan i (r) on (a) is moderately flat. A decrease in interest rate will raise investment by a huge amount. Therefore, a large increase in income, y0y2, is necessary to re-establish the product market equilibrium. Consequently, the IS schedule in part (d) will be flat. The level of investments by firms is highly affected through the monetary policy of the government. The raise in the interest rate will force the investment level to increase by firms. To increase the investment level by different firms the monetary policy was implemented by the UK government. When the consumer confidence index falls, there is an increase in the level of savings and many firms decide to reschedule or push back the capital investment spending projects because of uncertainties over a shortcoming of demand and there is a fall in the expected rate of profit on investment. This affect is upturned down through the monetary policy of the government by implementation of the interest rate policy. The increase in the interest rate will increase the confidence index of investment and the expectation level of investing firms will be higher as there is more return through the financial instruments. This rise in the confidence index and investment increases the investment in capital projects that helps the economy to grow. In application with the Fisher’s equation it is know that, as the income

Communication and patient safety( Literature Review) Research Paper

Communication and patient safety( Literature Review) - Research Paper Example It has also been found that there is a decrease in the number of medical errors made concerning patients. Furthermore, adequate communication also has an impact on nurses because they become more motivated in their work, which increases their efficiency. This efficiency helps the patient as it improves the care that they are given, and this leads to the patient’s swift recovery. In addition, various factors influence communication between nurses and patients, one of the factors is the complexity of the hospital and nursing systems; thus, the larger and more complex they are, the higher the risk that the potential for patient errors will be increased. Therefore, it is necessary to ensure that adequate communication between the various hospital systems is instituted so that the number of such errors can be reduced or done away with. Moreover, the value of care depends completely on the accuracy and completeness of information being available to the nurses who care for the patien ts. While this is important, it should be noted that the accuracy of the information becomes outdated over time and this is the reason why more, up to date information has to be collected to ensure that the caregivers provide the best service possible to the patient (Manojlovich, Antonakos and Ronis, 2009). On the other hand, Turkoski (2009) states that errors tend to occur when during the communication of a patient’s medication. This usually happens when there is a misinterpretation of the various abbreviations or acronyms to the drugs, which have been prescribed to the patient. This creates a situation where there is the potential of a patient taking the wrong drugs, taking the drugs at the wrong time of the day, or even worse, taking an overdose of the prescribed drugs. It is therefore necessary to ensure that errors in the writing down of instructions for the patient or caregiver are avoided and that the person writing the said instructions is alert at all times to the po tential of making mistakes. Among the recommendations made in Turkoski’s article is that there must be a standardization of all the abbreviations and acronyms for the drugs used in the medical field so that there can be no confusion over the type of drugs that have been prescribed. It has been found that many drugs have similar names that may lead to the nurse giving the patient the wrong medicine. To prevent such incidences, it has been recommended that capital and small letters be used to differentiate the drugs with similar names to avoid confusion. This will work to ensure that there is uniformity in the communication of medication and this will ultimately promote the safety of the patients to whom the medication is prescribed. With uniformity in communication, the work of the nurses will become less cumbersome because they will be able to be accurate in their administration of medication. Frankel (2008) states that in many hospital systems, there is always a breakdown in communication, this isbecause the nursing staff is usually afraid to report errors because of the potential of being punished. This fear has made it difficult for errors to be corrected and has ensured that the outcome for patients is greatly diminished. The lack of adequate communication has created a scenario where nurses are not able to conduct their activities efficiently and this has come to have a devastating impact on the safety of the